National Study of Mental Health and Wellbeing methodology

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Reference period
2020-21
Released
22/07/2022

About this study

The National Study of Mental Health and Wellbeing (NSMHW) is a component of the wider Intergenerational Health and Mental Health Study (IHMHS) funded by the Australian Government Department of Health and Aged Care.

The 2020-21 cohort is the first of two for the study. Data for the NSMHW was collected in the Survey of Health and Wellbeing (SHWB) which was conducted by the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS). The first cohort was conducted between December 2020 and July 2021. The second cohort started in December 2021 and will finish in late 2022.

The main aims of the NSMHW are to provide information in five key areas:

  • How many Australians have mental disorders?
  • What is the impact of these disorders?
  • How many people have used services and what are the key factors affecting this?
  • Are services making a difference to the lives of people experiencing a mental illness?
  • How many Australians have a lived experience of suicide and what services have they used?

Key topics included:

  • lifetime and 12-month prevalence of selected mental disorders
  • level of impairment for these disorders
  • health services used for mental health problems, such as consultations with health practitioners or visits to hospital
  • suicidality and self-harm behaviours
  • demographic and socio-economic characteristics of people.

Support services

Some of this information may cause distress. The following support services are available 24-hours, 7 days:

Lifeline: 13 11 14 

Suicide Call Back Service: 1300 659 467 

Beyond Blue: 1300 224 636

MensLine Australia: 1300 789 978

Kids Helpline: 1800 551 800

For further information see Mental health resources

How the data is collected

Scope

The scope of the study included:

  • all usual residents in Australia aged 16 - 85 years living in private dwellings
  • both urban and rural areas in all states and territories, except for very remote parts of Australia and discrete Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities.

The study excluded the following people:

  • visitors to private dwellings
  • overseas visitors who have not been working or studying in Australia for 12 months or more, or do not intend to do so
  • members of non-Australian defence forces stationed in Australia and their dependants
  • non-Australian diplomats, diplomatic staff, and members of their households 
  • people who usually live in non-private dwellings, such as hotels, motels, hostels, hospitals, nursing homes and short-stay caravan parks (people in long-stay caravan parks, manufactured home estates and marinas are in scope)
  • people in Very Remote areas
  • discrete Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities.

The exclusion of people living in Very Remote areas and discrete Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities is unlikely to impact national estimates. It will only have a minor impact on any aggregate estimates produced for individual states and territories, except the Northern Territory where the excluded population accounts for around 21% of people.

The exclusion of residents in special dwellings (e.g., hotels, boarding houses, and institutions) and homeless people means the results are likely to underestimate the prevalence of mental health disorders in the Australian population.

Sample design

Households were randomly selected to participate in the study. One person aged 16-85 years was randomly selected in each household to complete the study questionnaire. If the randomly selected person was aged 16-17 years, parental consent was sought for the interview to proceed.

The sample was designed to target people aged 16-24 years to improve estimates for this age group. People in this age group had a higher probability of being selected in the sample.

Response rates

There were 5,554 fully responding households in the study, a response rate of 57.1%.

 
  NumberPer cent
Fully respondingTotal5,55457.1
Non-responseRefusal9459.7
Non-response1,47315.1
Part response1,76218.1
Total4,18042.9
Total 9,734100

Some respondents were unable or unwilling to provide a response to certain questions. The records for these people were retained in the sample and the missing values were recorded as 'Not stated', 'Don't know' or ‘Refusal’. No imputation was undertaken for these missing values.

Collection method

The study was collected over an 8-month period from 5th December 2020 to 31st July 2021.  Households were required to complete the study face-to-face with an ABS Interviewer. Interviews were conducted during periods when circumstances in individual jurisdictions permitted face-to-face interviewing according to relevant jurisdictional public health orders and restrictions. 

Information collected in the study includes:

  • Household Information, which was completed by any responsible adult in the household aged 18 years or over. The Household Information component of the study collected basic demographic information about all usual residents of the household, including those aged under 15 years, as well as information about the dwelling and household income.
  • Individual Questionnaire, which was completed by one randomly selected person in the household aged 16 to 85 years. The random selection was automatically performed upon completion of the Household Form.

The study used the World Mental Health Survey Initiative version of the World Health Organization's (WHO) Composite International Diagnostic Interview, version 3.0 (WMH-CIDI 3.0).

A group of ABS officers were trained in the use of the WMH-CIDI 3.0 by WHO accredited trainers. These officers then provided training to experienced ABS Interviewers, as part of a comprehensive four-day training program, which also included sensitivity training and field procedures.

While most of the study was based on the WMH-CIDI 3.0, modules such as Health Service Utilisation were designed in consultation with subject matter experts from academic institutions and staff from the Department of Health and Aged Care. New study content was tested by the ABS.

The study was designed to provide lifetime prevalence estimates for mental disorders by asking respondents about experiences throughout their lifetime. 12-month diagnoses were derived based on lifetime diagnosis and the presence of symptoms of that disorder in the 12 months prior to the survey interview. The full diagnostic criteria were not assessed within the 12-month timeframe.

The study included mental disorders that:

  • were expected to affect more than 1% of the population
  • were able to be diagnosed through the WMH-CIDI 3.0
  • were likely to be identified through a household survey.

The WMH-CIDI 3.0 was also used to collect information on:

  • the onset of symptoms and mental disorders
  • the recency of symptoms and mental disorders
  • the persistence or duration of symptoms and mental disorders
  • the impact of mental disorders on home management, work life, relationships, and social life
  • treatment seeking and access to helpful treatment.

Due to the sensitivity of some content, the mental health component of the study was conducted on a voluntary basis.

The ABS would like to thank all participants for their involvement in the National Study of Mental Health and Wellbeing. The information collected is critical to mental health policy, program development and evaluation in Australia.

Content

The study collected the following content:

  • Demographics including age, sex, gender, variations of sex characteristics, and sexual orientation, country of birth, main language spoken, and marital status
  • Household details including household composition, tenure type, landlord type, number of bedrooms, and household income
  • Socio-economic characteristics of people including labour force status, educational attainment, and personal income
  • General health and wellbeing including self-assessed health status, psychological distress, smoking, long term health conditions, social connectedness, and functioning
  • Mental health including depression, mania, panic, social phobia, agoraphobia, generalised anxiety, substance use, obsessive-compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder
  • Suicidality
  • Self-harm
  • Disordered eating
  • Use of health and social support services

The 2020-21 cohort is the first ABS collection to use the Standard for Sex, Gender, Variations of Sex Characteristics and Sexual Orientation Variables, 2020. Data in this publication are presented using the Sex variable. Data by Gender are available through the study microdata product or customised data requests. The sample achieved for 2020-21 is insufficient to produce reliable estimates of the prevalence of mental disorders for all items within the Standard. Table 4 in Data downloads presents estimates of mental disorders by sexual orientation. ABS will produce a combined sample from both cohorts of the study (2020-21 and 2021-22) which may allow for further disaggregation of items within the Standard by mental health status and other topics within the study.

See the Data Item List for full details of content collected for the 2020-21 NSMHW.

Comparison between 2020-21 and 2007

The ABS previously conducted this survey in 2007. The 2020-21 study was designed to be broadly comparable with 2007.

It used the WMH-CIDI 3.0 questionnaire modules used in 2007 and collected them in the same order as they were collected in 2007. Data collected using the WMH-CIDI 3.0 modules are therefore comparable between 2020-21 and 2007.

Many of the non-diagnostic topics and the order in which they were collected in 2020-21 differs from that in 2007. Some topics collected in 2007 were removed and new topics were added. Other topics changed significantly between 2020-21 and 2007. For example, demographic and socio-economic modules were updated to align with current ABS standards and commonly used ABS questions and data items. Data for non-diagnostic topics may not be comparable between 2020-21 and 2007.

Please see the Data Item Lists for each collection for full details.

Due to the change in questions used to collect physical health conditions in 2020-21, the comorbidity of mental health disorders and physical health conditions is not comparable with 2007.

2020-21 DSM-IV Anxiety Disorders include Agoraphobia with/without Panic Disorder rather than Agoraphobia without Panic Disorder which was included in 2007. This also impacts all dependent data items, for example DSM-IV Any Mental Health Disorder.

The diagnoses of mental disorders are based on the WMH-CIDI 3.0 algorithms. The algorithms operationalise criteria from two classification systems: the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV); and the WHO International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision (ICD-10).

The version of the algorithms used for 2020-21 was provided by the WHO in 2020. The algorithms are comparable with the version used for 2007 with the following exceptions:

ICD-10 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD):

 ICD criteria B Part 2 has been updated: Group 2 reactions (unwanted memories, unpleasant dreams, flashbacks, getting very upset when reminded of it, physical reactions) must have occurred at least once a month. The version of the diagnostic algorithms used for the 2007 survey did not include the once-a-month persistence criterion.

ICD criteria D Part 2 has been updated: Persistent symptoms of increased psychological sensitivity and arousal shown by any two of the following: difficulty in falling or staying asleep, irritability or outbursts of anger, difficulty in concentrating, hypervigilance, exaggerated startle response; not present before exposure to the stressor, and must have occurred at least once a month. The version of the diagnostic algorithms used for the 2007 survey did not include the once-a-month persistence criterion.

Lifetime and 12-month prevalence data items for ICD-10 PTSD are therefore not comparable between 2020-21 and 2007.

ICD-10 Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD):

For an ICD-10 lifetime diagnosis of OCD, obsessions and/or compulsions must be present on most days for at least two weeks. In 2007, the 12-month diagnosis was derived from the lifetime diagnosis including the criterion that disorder symptoms must have been present on most days for at least two weeks or longer in the 12 months prior to the survey interview. The version of the algorithms used for 2020-21 did not include the two-week persistence as a condition for meeting 12-month diagnosis. 12-month diagnosis in 2020-2021 is derived based on lifetime OCD diagnosis with the presence of OCD symptoms, for any duration, in the past 12 months.

12-month prevalence data items for ICD-10 OCD are therefore not comparable between 2020-21 and 2007.

Both Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder are classified as Anxiety disorders. Consequently, the ICD-10 lifetime and 12-month Anxiety disorders data items and the ICD-10 lifetime and 12-month Mental disorders data items are also not comparable between 2020-21 and 2007.

How the data is processed

Coding

The WMH-CIDI 3.0 contains some open-ended questions, for which there are no predetermined responses. Open-ended questions are used to determine whether a respondent met the criteria for diagnosis of a mental health disorder and probe causes of a particular episode or symptom. Responses are then used to eliminate cases where there is a clear physical cause. An example is in a Panic disorder diagnosis. If the respondent has described symptoms such as a racing heart and says a heart attack was the physical reason for their symptoms, they are not diagnosed with a Panic disorder. As part of the processing procedures set out for the WMH-CIDI 3.0, responses provided to these open-ended questions were coded by a suitably qualified person.

Estimation methods

As only a sample of people in Australia were surveyed, their results needed to be converted into estimates for the entire population. This was done through a process called weighting. 

  • Each person or household is given a number (known as a weight) to reflect how many people or households they represent in the entire population.
  • A person or household’s initial weight is based on their probability of being selected in the sample. For example, if the probability of being selected was one in 45, then the person would have an initial weight of 45 (that is, they would represent 45 people).

The person and household level weights are then calibrated to align with independent estimates of the in-scope population, referred to as ‘benchmarks’. The benchmarks use additional information about the population to ensure that:

  • people or households in the sample represent people or households that are similar to them
  • the study estimates reflect the distribution of the entire population, not the sample.

The initial weights were calibrated to the estimated resident population (ERP) at March 2021. The Australian population at March 2021 aged 16 to 85 years was 19,644,025 (after exclusion of people living in non-private dwellings, very remote areas of Australia and discrete Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities).

Analysis showed that the standard weighting approach did not adequately compensate for undercoverage in the 2021 SHWB sample for variables such as educational attainment, household composition, and labour force status, when compared to other ABS surveys. Therefore, additional benchmarks were incorporated into the weighting strategy.

Additional benchmarks were obtained from the ABS monthly Labour Force Survey (December 2020 to July 2021) for labour force status, educational attainment, and household composition. These benchmarks were aligned to the estimated resident population aged 16-85 years, who were living in private dwellings in each state and territory, excluding very remote areas of Australia, at 31 March 2021.

Sample counts and weighted estimates are presented in the table below.

Sample counts and weighted estimates, Australia
Persons in sampleWeighted estimate
Age group (years)Males (no.)Females (no.)Persons (no.)Males ('000)Females ('000)Persons ('000)
16 - 242502955451,376.41,314.72,691.1
25 - 343894518401,822.91,865.63,688.5
35 - 444264819071,696.11,726.23,422.4
45 - 543914047951,547.81,640.33,188.1
55 - 643964968921,419.11,514.32,933.4
65 - 744735551,0281,148.11,240.32,388.3
75 - 85237310547643.26891,332.2
Total persons aged 16-85 years2,5622,9925,5549,653.509,990.5019,644.00

Accuracy

Reliability of estimates

Two types of error are possible in estimates based on a sample survey:

  • non-sampling error   
  • sampling error.

Non-sampling error

Sampling error

Standard error

Relative standard error

Margin of error for proportions

Confidence intervals

Calculating measures of error

Comparison of estimates

Significance testing

How the data is released

Release strategy

The 2020-21 NSMHW release presents national estimates. The sample of 5,554 fully responding households is insufficient for detailed analysis of state and territory estimates.

Data Cubes (spreadsheets) in this release present tables of estimates, proportions, and their associated measures of error. A data item list is also available.

Detailed microdata is also available on DataLab for users who want to undertake complex analysis of microdata in the secure ABS environment.

Confidentiality

The Census and Statistics Act 1905 authorises the ABS to collect statistical information and requires that information is not published in a way that could identify a particular person or organisation. The ABS must make sure that information about individual respondents cannot be derived from published data.

To minimise the risk of identifying individuals in aggregate statistics, a technique called perturbation is used to randomly adjust cell values. Perturbation involves small random adjustment of the statistics which have a negligible impact on the underlying pattern. This is considered the most satisfactory technique for avoiding the release of identifiable data while maximising the range of information that can be released. After perturbation, a given published cell value will be consistent across all tables. However, adding up cell values in Data Cubes to derive a total may give a slightly different result to the published totals. The introduction of perturbation in publications ensures that these statistics are consistent with statistics released via services such as TableBuilder.

Mental health disorders

World Health Organisation World Mental Health-Composite International Diagnostic Interview (WHO WMH-CIDI) 3.0

The WHO WMH-CIDI 3.0 provides an assessment of mental disorders based on the definitions and criteria of two classification systems: the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV); and the WHO International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision (ICD-10).

Each classification system lists sets of criteria that are necessary for diagnosis. The criteria specify the nature and number of symptoms; the level of distress or impairment; and the exclusion of cases where symptoms can be directly attributed to general medical conditions, such as a physical injury, or to substances, such as alcohol. Variations in the diagnostic assessment criteria for the ICD-10 and the DSM-IV may give differing estimates for the overall prevalence of mental disorder, as well as for specific disorders.

As not all modules contained in the WMH-CIDI 3.0 were collected in the study it was necessary to tailor the diagnostic algorithms. Information about modules not operationalised and potential impacts on diagnoses is included below with the descriptions of the diagnostic criteria according to the ICD-10 and DSM-IV mental disorders used in the WMH-CIDI 3.0.

Hierarchy rules

The classification system for some of the mental disorders contain diagnostic exclusion rules. Where a person has symptoms that meet diagnostic criteria for more than one of these particular disorders, the exclusion rules give precedence to one diagnosis over another. It is assumed that the symptoms reported are accounted for by the disorder given precedence. These exclusion rules are built into the diagnostic algorithms.

The WMH-CIDI 3.0 includes two versions of the diagnoses in the algorithms for a number of the mental disorders: a 'with hierarchy' version and a 'without hierarchy' version. The 'with hierarchy' version specifies the full diagnostic criteria consistent with the ICD-10 or DSM-IV classification system (i.e., the exclusion criteria are enforced).

One example of a disorder specified with and without hierarchy is Alcohol Harmful Use. ICD-10 states that for diagnostic criteria for Harmful Use to be met, criteria cannot be met for Dependence on the same substance during the same time period. Therefore, the ‘with hierarchy’ version of Alcohol Harmful Use will exclude cases where Alcohol Dependence has been established for the same time period. The ‘without hierarchy’ version includes all cases of Alcohol Harmful Use regardless of coexisting Alcohol Dependence. Note that a person can meet criteria for Alcohol Dependence and the hierarchical version of Alcohol Harmful Use if there is no overlap in time between the two disorders.

Data in this publication are presented using the ICD-10 classification system. Prevalence rates are presented with hierarchy rules applied.

The mental disorders specified with and without hierarchy are outlined below and an example of the differences in prevalence rates with and without hierarchy rules applied is provided in the following table.

12-month mental disorders, comparison of ICD-10 and DSM-IV diagnostic criteria with and without hierarchy rules applied(a)
  ICD-10 with hierarchyICD-10 without hierarchyDSM-IV with hierarchyDSM-IV without hierarchy
  Persons aged 16-85 years (‘000)
Anxiety disordersPanic Disorder720.3720.3503.0503.0
Agoraphobia951.1951.1502.9502.9
Social Phobia1,406.11,406.11,488.61,488.6
Generalised Anxiety Disorder757.3848.0650.5899.9
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder624.5624.5838.3838.3
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder1,110.31,110.3846.8846.8
Total Anxiety Disorders3,332.03,332.03,098.13,158.6
Affective disordersDepressive Episode(b)(c)890.41,124.01,167.31,412.8
Dysthymia330.1476.9309.0434.7
Bipolar Affective Disorder(d)417.8417.8198.1198.1
Total Affective Disorders1,458.01,471.91,392.41,470.8
Substance Use disordersAlcohol Harmful Use/Abuse309.0419.2279.4390.8
Alcohol Dependence183.2183.2170.4170.4
Drug Use Disorders(e)198.8198.8197.9197.9
Total Substance Use Disorders664.1664.1620.9620.9
Any 12-month mental disorder(f)4,224.74,224.74,022.14,031.8
No 12-month mental disorder(g)15,419.415,419.415,621.915,612.3
Total persons aged 16-85 years19,644.019,644.019,644.019,644.0

a. Persons who met criteria for diagnosis of a lifetime mental disorder and had sufficient symptoms of that disorder in the 12 months prior to interview.
b. ICD-10 diagnosis includes Severe/Moderate/Mild Depressive Episode.
c. DSM-IV diagnosis includes Major Depressive Episode and Major Depressive Disorder.
d. DSM-IV diagnosis includes Bipolar I and Bipolar II Disorders.
e. Includes Harmful Use/Abuse and Dependence.
f. A person may have had more than one 12-month mental disorder. The components when added may therefore not add to the total shown.
g. Persons who did not meet criteria for diagnosis of a lifetime mental disorder and those who met criteria for diagnosis of a lifetime mental disorder but did not have symptoms in the 12 months prior to interview.

World Health Organisation International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision (ICD-10)

The following information provides descriptions of the WMH-CIDI 3.0 diagnostic assessment criteria according to the WHO International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision (ICD-10). Not all exclusions specified in the ICD-10 were able to be addressed in the study. Therefore, some of the descriptions differ from the ICD-10.

Anxiety disorders

Anxiety disorders generally involve feelings of tension, distress, or nervousness. A person may avoid, or endure with dread, situations which cause these types of feelings. The disorders within this group assessed in the study are:

  • Panic Disorder
  • Agoraphobia
  • Social Phobia
  • Generalised Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
  • Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
  • Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD).

Panic disorder

Agoraphobia

Social Phobia

Generalised Anxiety Disorder 

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

 

Affective disorders

Affective disorders involve mood disturbance or change in affect. Most of these disorders tend to be recurrent and the onset of individual episodes can often be related to stressful events or situations. Disorders within this group include:

  • Depressive Episode
  • Dysthymia
  • Bipolar Affective Disorder (of which Hypomania and Mania are components).

Hypomania

Mania

Depressive Episode

Dysthymia

Bipolar Affective Disorder

 

Substance Use disorders

Substance Use Disorders involve the Harmful Use and/or Dependence on alcohol and/or drugs. The misuse of drugs, defined as the use of illicit substances and the misuse of prescribed medicines, included the following drug categories:

  • opioids
  • cannabinoids
  • sedatives
  • stimulants.
Alcohol Use disorders 

Detailed questions about alcohol use were only asked if the person had at least 12 alcoholic drinks in the 12 months prior to interview.

Alcohol Harmful use  

Alcohol Dependence Syndrome 

 
Drug Use disorders 

Assessment for Harmful Use and Dependence was only conducted if use of an illicit drug or misuse of a prescription medication occurred more than five times in the respondents' lifetime. A general assessment was made for Harmful Use and Dependence of any drugs as well as separate assessments of Harmful Use and Dependence for four specific categories of drug categories:

  • opioids (e.g., heroin, methadone, oxycodone)
  • cannabinoids (e.g., marijuana, hashish, synthetic cannabinoids)
  • sedatives (e.g., barbiturates, serepax, sleeping pills, valium)
  • stimulants (e.g., amphetamines, dexedrine, speed).

Other Substance Harmful Use 

Other Substance Dependence Syndrome

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV)

The following information provides descriptions of the WMH-CIDI 3.0 diagnostic assessment criteria according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV). Note that not all exclusions specified in the DSM-IV were able to be addressed in the study. Therefore, some of the descriptions outlined differ from the DSM-IV.

DSM-IV Anxiety disorders

Anxiety disorders generally involve feelings of tension, distress, or nervousness. A person may avoid, or endure with dread, situations which cause these types of feelings. The disorders within this group assessed in the study are:

  • Panic Disorder
  • Agoraphobia
  • Social Phobia
  • Generalised Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
  • Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
  • Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD).

Panic Disorder

Agoraphobia

Social Phobia

Generalised Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

 

DSM-IV Affective disorders

Affective disorders involve mood disturbance or change in affect. Most of these disorders tend to be recurrent and the onset of individual episodes can often be related to stressful events or situations. Disorders within this group include:

  • Major Depressive Episode
  • Major and Minor Depressive Disorders
  • Recurrent Brief Depression
  • Dysthymic Disorder
  • Bipolar I and II Disorders (of which Hypomanic and Manic Episodes are components).

Major Depressive Episode

Major and Minor Depressive Disorders

Recurrent Brief Depression

Dysthymic Disorder

Hypomanic Episode

Manic Episode

Bipolar I and II Disorders

 

DSM-IV Substance Use disorders

The study collected information on the abuse and dependence on alcohol and other substances. Detailed questions about alcohol use were only asked if the person had at least 12 standard alcoholic drinks in a 12-month period. A standard drink contains 12.5ml of alcohol. The serving size determines the number of standard drinks per serve.

Detailed questions about drug abuse and dependence were only asked if a person had misused prescription medication more than five times in their lifetime; or used the same type of illicit drug (e.g., speed, ecstasy, marijuana) more than five times in their lifetime.

The misuse of prescription medication includes using medicine/s without the recommendation of a health professional, overusing medicines, or taking medicines for any other reason than as prescribed.

Drugs were categorised by four main types:

  • opioids (e.g., heroin, methadone)
  • cannabinoids (e.g., marijuana)
  • sedatives (e.g., serepax, valium)
  • stimulants (e.g., amphetamines, speed).

Alcohol Abuse

Alcohol Dependence

 
Drug Use disorders

As outlined earlier, Substance Abuse and Dependence were only assessed where a person had misused prescription medication more than five times in their lifetime or used the same type of illicit drug (e.g., speed, ecstasy, marijuana) more than five times in their lifetime.

Substance Abuse

Substance Dependence

Severity Measure

Level of severity

The level of severity of impairment was calculated for people who were diagnosed with a lifetime mental disorder and had symptoms in the 12 months prior to interview. The severity measure draws upon a number of criteria, based on the endorsement of particular questions in the survey interview.

The responses to these questions were used to provide an overall indication of the severity of impairment, by the following three levels:

  • severe
  • moderate
  • mild.

Several versions of the severity measure have been created, including:

  • a WMH-CIDI 3.0 version
  • a New Zealand version
  • an Australian version.

Both the WMH-CIDI 3.0 version and the New Zealand version of severity are based on the DSM-IV. Adjustments were made to the severity measure for both versions to enable a severity calculation for the ICD-10. The Australian version was adapted from the New Zealand version and includes both DSM-IV and ICD-10 calculations. The criteria used to determine the level of severity for all versions are provided below, along with any additional criteria for each of the specific versions.

Severe

Moderate

Mild

Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) Score

The National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R) was conducted in the United States of America in 2001-02. The survey had a sample of approximately 10,000 respondents aged 18 years and over. The survey made an overall assessment of functional impairment using several definitions of severity. Subsequent surveys have adopted an approach which uses a 'predicted' Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) Score. For this survey, the predicted GAF Score was calculated using the maximum number of days out of role, and the scores from the Sheehan Disability Scale domains.

Days out of role

Sheehan Disability Scale

Predicted GAF Score

Other mental health topics

Lived experience of suicide

People with lived experience of suicide may have personally experienced suicidal thoughts and behaviours or may be close to someone who has experienced suicidal thoughts and behaviours or taken their life.

Suicidal thoughts and behaviours

In the study, people were asked about suicidal thoughts and behaviours in their lifetime and in the 12 months prior to interview. Suicidal thoughts and behaviours include:

  • serious thoughts about taking one’s life
  • plans to take one’s life
  • attempts to take one’s life.

A person must have said they had seriously thought about taking their life to be asked if they had made a plan or attempt.

People were asked a series of questions including the age these experiences first and last occurred, and whether they sought medical assistance or mental health care.

People were also asked if they have been close to someone who attempted to or took their own life and whether they sought support services.

Suicidal thoughts and behaviours related to Depression

The Depression module contained questions which asked whether a person had:

  • seriously thought about taking their life
  • made a plan to take their life
  • attempted to take their life.

The suicide questions in the Depression module refer to the period of several days/two weeks or longer during the episode when the person's symptoms (sadness, discouragement, loss of interest and other problems) were most severe and frequent.

Comparability with 2007

The 2020-21 study updated the terminology used for questions about suicide. Questions used the phrase ‘take your life’. In 2007, questions about suicide used the phrase ‘committing suicide’.

Questions on use of services were asked for the first time in 2020-21.

Self-harm

Self-harm is defined as someone intentionally harming themselves, but without the intention of taking their life.

In the study, people were asked about self-harming in their lifetime and in the 12 months prior to interview. If endorsed, they were also asked about whether they received any medical help for their injuries.

Questions on self-harm were asked for the first time in 2020-21.

Disordered Eating

Aspects of disordered eating were collected in the study however are not estimates of the prevalence of eating disorders in the population.

In the study, people were asked about experiences of binge eating in their lifetime and in the last 12 months.

Eating binges were defined as a person eating a large amount of food during a short period, like two hours. A large amount was more than what most people would eat given the circumstances.

Eating binges must have been accompanied by a feeling of loss of control during which a person felt that they were unable to prevent themselves from eating or felt unable to stop eating once started and must have occurred at least once a week for several months or longer.

People were also asked to rate the importance their weight and/or shape has to the way they think about themselves as a person using the following scale:

  1. Not at all important
  2. Slightly important
  3. Moderately important
  4. Very important
  5. Extremely important

Questions on disordered eating were asked for the first time in 2020-21.

Health Service Utilisation

Within each of the mental disorder modules, the study collected broad information on people's consultations with health professionals and any overnight hospital admissions.

Information was also collected through a separate service utilisation module containing questions on services used for mental health problems.

Health service utilisation relates to services used for mental health problems in the 12 months prior to interview. While people were asked whether their use of health services related to a mental health problem, it is not possible to directly link this with specific mental disorders. A mental health problem in this context may relate to stress, worry, sadness, or to any issue identified by the person, regardless of whether they met criteria for a mental disorder. Also, the treatment sought and/or received may relate to a mental disorder not collected in the study, such as an eating disorder. Therefore, while it is possible to analyse the use of health services by people with a mental disorder, it is not possible to directly link service use with specific mental disorders.

Consultations

Perceived need for help

Digital service use

Comparability with 2007

Other scales and measures

Kessler Psychological Distress Scale Plus (K10+)

Living in the Community Questionnaire - Summary (LCQ-S)

World Health Organisation Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0 (WHODAS 2.0)

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