Estimates and characteristics of LGBTI+ populations in Australia methodology

The ABS would like to acknowledge and thank respondents to ABS household surveys for their openness in completing the interviews and providing information about their gender, sexual orientation and whether they were born with variations of sex characteristics, along with information to derive their gender experience (whether they are trans and gender diverse or cis).

The ABS would also like to acknowledge the assistance and advice from members of the community including the peer review by:

• LGBTIQ+ Health Australia, represented by:
  • Nicky Bath, Chief Executive Officer
  • James Zanotto, Policy, Research and Communications Director
  • Ian Down, Policy and Research Lead
• Professor Adam Bourne, Director, Australian Research Centre in Sex, Health and Society, La Trobe University
• Bridget Haire, PhD. Associate Professor, School of Population Health, The Kirby Institute, UNSW
• Teddy Cook, Independent consultant; Adjunct Senior Lecturer, The Kirby Institute, UNSW
• Morgan Carpenter, PhD. Associate Professor, University of Sydney School of Public Health; Executive Director, InterAction for Health and Human Rights
• Australian Government Department of Health and Aged Care, represented by:
  • David Casey, Director of the Men's, LGBTIQA+, Children and Young People's Health Section, Health Equity Branch 
  • Kayla Jordan, Assistant Secretary, Data and Analytics Branch, Health Economics and Research Division

The ABS greatly values the knowledge, expertise and contributions of these reviewers and thanks them for their time and input.

This analysis is the first time the ABS has compiled a complete set of estimates of LGBTI+ populations in Australia, specifically of people who are lesbian, gay, bisexual or use a different term to describe their sexual orientation, trans and gender diverse, and people who know they were born with variations of sex characteristics.

The data in this analysis provides experimental estimates which are representative of LGBTI+ populations. The estimates and characteristics reported in this analysis is the first time ABS has output all the items from the Standard for Sex, Gender, Variations of Sex Characteristics and Sexual Orientation Variables, 2020 (‘2020 Standard’). Since the introduction of the 2020 Standard, the ABS now have enough data to produce estimates of LGBTI+ populations by combining multiple household surveys into one. Methods to combine surveys were refined for the specific nature and context of this analysis and may not be applicable for other collections or analyses. The methodology and errors around any estimates should be considered before reporting or analysing data from this analysis.

The ABS introduced the 2020 Standard in January 2021. The 2020 Standard was implemented in selected ABS household surveys from 2021.

The 2020 Standard outlines ways to collect and compile data about the following:

• sex recorded at birth
• gender
• variations of sex characteristics
• sexual orientation.

The 2020 Standard can also be used to derive gender experience (whether a person is cis or trans and gender diverse, including trans men, trans women and non-binary people). This is derived using a cis gender and trans and gender diverse classification.

The estimates in this analysis are based on the combined sample of the following household surveys conducted between December 2020 and mid-2023, weighted using the Estimated Resident Population at September 2022:

• National Health Survey, 2022
• National Study of Mental Health and Wellbeing, 2020-2022
• Survey of Disability, Ageing and Carers, 2022
• National Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey, 2023.

These surveys were collected over a similar period (around 2022) and provide a standard set of information for the LGBTI+ Populations dataset 2022. As well as gender, variations of sex characteristics, sexual orientation and derived gender experience (whether a person is trans and gender diverse or cis), examples of items the collections had in common were age, sex recorded at birth, country of birth, main language, employment, and education.

Pooling this content from multiple surveys has produced a dataset which can be considered as one survey with a large sample size.

The total sample combined from the surveys was 44,984 persons.

The LGBTI+ Populations dataset 2022 is the only nationally representative dataset of its kind in Australia. It provides experimental national estimates of the populations from the 2020 Standard. The estimates are not population benchmarks however they can be used to help inform decision making for LGBTI+ populations. The LGBTI+ Populations dataset 2022 draws from a larger sample than any of the contributing datasets alone, making it a more reliable source (compared with the individual surveys) for summary national estimates of the populations from the 2020 Standard.

The ABS has compared findings from the LGBTI+ Populations dataset 2022 to relevant international collections such as censuses and representative national surveys, including the:

• New Zealand Census 2023[1]
• Scotland Census 2022[2]
• Canada Census 2021[3]
• England and Wales Census 2021[4][5] (gender identity estimates classified as official statistics in development)
• Northern Ireland Census 2021[6]
• New Zealand, Household Economic Survey 2020[7] and 2021[8]
• Statistics Canada, Survey of Safety in Public and Private Spaces 2018[9]
• Statistics Canada, Canadian Community Health Survey 2019-2021[10][11][12].

The LGBTI+ Populations dataset 2022 shows similar estimates overall and by age and gender compared to other countries. However, it is not possible to directly compare this data with most collections in other countries due to differences in definitions, question wording and response options, collection methods, modes, timing, and characteristics of the underlying populations such as cultural and demographic differences (for example age). See footnote links for more information.

ABS has also compared findings from the LGBTI+ Populations dataset 2022 with other Australian collections. Any differences between the LGBTI+ Populations dataset 2022 and other collections can be explained by differences in collection methodologies, sample design, definitions, or representativeness.

At the time of this release, the only relevant international collection of data on variations of sex characteristics is the New Zealand 2023 Census[1]. Similar to the LGBTI+ Populations dataset 2022, the New Zealand 2023 Census collected data on sex at birth, gender, variations of sex characteristics and sexual orientation. The Census found 0.4% of the total New Zealand population aged 15 years and over stated they know they were born with a variation of sex characteristics, and 4.2% are LGBTIQ+ (these proportions were calculated using a denominator of all people aged 15 years and over for comparability with the LGBTI+ Populations dataset 2022; the LGBTIQ+ estimate of 4.2% differs from the 4.9% published by Statistics New Zealand as the latter is based on a denominator excluding people for whom the LGBTIQ+ indicator could not be determined). These are similar to equivalent estimates from the LGBTI+ Populations dataset 2022 for Australians aged 16 years and over, where 0.3% of people reported they know they were born with variations of sex characteristics and 4.5% are LGBTI+.

Table 1 below provides a comparison of international data with estimates from the LGBTI+ Populations dataset 2022, noting that data from different sources cannot always be directly compared. These data should also be considered in the context of the underlying populations of the countries (for example, the underlying age structure).

The scope of the dataset included:

• all usual residents in Australia aged 16 years and over living in private dwellings(a)
• both urban and rural areas in all states and territories, except for very remote parts of Australia and discrete Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities
• members of the Australian permanent defence forces living in private dwellings and any overseas visitors who have been working or studying in Australia for the last 12 months or more or intend to do so.

(a) While the overall age scope of the LGBTI+ Populations dataset 2022 is persons 16 years and over, it drew on the National Study of Mental Health and Wellbeing which had an age scope of 16 to 85 years and the Survey of Disability, Ageing and Carers (SDAC) where only persons aged 65 years and over were included in the LGBTI+ Populations dataset 2022. In SDAC, according to its purpose, the questions on gender and sexual orientation from the 2020 Standard were asked of people with disability, people aged 65 years and over, and primary carers of people with disability. No benchmarks were available for this SDAC population aged younger than 65 years.

The following people were excluded:

• visitors to private dwellings
• overseas visitors who have not been working or studying in Australia for 12 months or more, or do not intend to do so
• members of non-Australian defence forces (and their dependants) stationed in Australia
• non-Australian diplomats, diplomatic staff and members of their households
• people who usually live in non-private dwellings, such as hotels, motels, hostels, hospitals, nursing homes and short-stay caravan park (people in long-stay caravan parks, manufactured home estates and marinas are in scope)
• people in very remote areas
• people in discrete Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities.

Households were randomly selected to participate in the surveys used for the combined dataset. If the randomly selected person was aged 16–17 years, parental consent was sought for the interview to proceed. The samples together are representative of Australians aged 16 years and over and were not designed to specifically target populations in the 2020 Standard.

The mode of collection varied across surveys due to specific survey requirements. Most of the data for this release was collected by trained ABS interviewers in face-to-face interviews. A small number of interviews may have been conducted via:

• virtual meeting with an ABS trained interviewer
• self-completed online form.

In a face-to-face or virtual interview setting, interviewers had the opportunity to explain concepts to survey respondents if they did not understand the questions/concepts. Respondents only answered questions on gender, sexual orientation and variations of sex characteristics for themselves and not for others in the household.

All the surveys collected a common set of information including:

• demographics (Age, Country of birth, Main language spoken at home, Marital status)
• household details (Household composition, Socio-Economic Indexes for Areas (SEIFA,) Geography)
• labour force status
• educational attainment
• visa status
• sex recorded at birth
• gender
• sexual orientation.

Variations of sex characteristics was included in all the collections except the Survey of Disability, Ageing and Carers.

See the Data Item List for the LGBTI+ Populations dataset 2022 for full details about content.

As only a sample of people in Australia were surveyed, their results needed to be converted into estimates for the whole population. This was done through a process called weighting:

• Each person is given a number (known as a weight) to reflect how many people they represent in the whole population.
• A person’s initial weight is based on their probability of being selected in the sample. For example, if the probability of being selected in the survey was one in 45, then the person would have an initial weight of 45 (that is, they would represent 45 people).

As the pooled dataset combines data from several surveys, the initial weight reflects the overall probability of selection within the combined sample.

These initial weights are then calibrated to align with independent estimates of the in-scope population, referred to as ‘benchmarks’. The benchmarks use additional information about the population to ensure that:

• people in the sample represent people that are similar to them
• the survey estimates reflect the distribution of the whole population, not the sample.

After this process, each person has a final weight to reflect how many people they represent in the whole population.

Broadly, benchmarks align to the estimated resident population (ERP) at September 2022, aged 16 years and over, which was 20.4 million people (after excluding people living in non-private dwellings, very remote areas of Australia and discrete Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities).

Traditionally, when weighting survey data that use a binary sex or gender classification, the male sample is calibrated to agree with the male population benchmark (male ERP) and the female sample is calibrated to agree with the female population benchmark (female ERP). The male ERP combined with the female ERP is equal to the population ERP total.

There are no benchmarks available for people with a trans experience (trans and gender diverse people), nor are there benchmarks for cis men or cis women. As such, the first step of the calibration process was to calibrate the whole sample to the total population benchmark (combined male and female ERP). This gave the final weight used for people who have a trans experience (trans men, trans women and non-binary people).

Summing these final weights over people with a trans experience provided an estimate of the size of the population with a trans experience. Subtracting the size of this population from the total population then provided an estimate of the size of the cis population. The next step of this process was to divide the cis population estimate into two components – a population estimate of cis men and a population estimate of cis women.

An estimate of the population of cis men was calculated by subtracting the calibrated estimate of people with a trans experience with a male sex recorded at birth from male ERP. Similarly, an estimate of the population of cis women was calculated by subtracting the calibrated estimate of people with a trans experience with a female sex recorded at birth from the female ERP.

The above process was calculated within each age group, providing three populations estimates (cis men, cis women and people with a trans experience) for each age group.

Final weights for the pooled dataset were then produced by calibrating the data to the population estimates calculated above at a national level by age group, as well as total ERP benchmarks at a state and broad age group level, and total ERP benchmarks by part of state and broad age groups.

The Survey of Disability, Ageing and Carers did not include the question about whether a person was born with variations of sex characteristics. The weighting process was therefore applied separately for this smaller population resulting in two sets of weights. There were 39,390 persons in this second sample.

There was no imputation for missing data on the combined dataset. Any records with an unacceptable level of missing data were removed. However, if the level of missing data was minimal, the records were kept with ‘not stated’ values where needed.

Combined sample counts and weighted estimates are presented in the table below.

How the ABS selects survey respondents

After a dwelling is selected for an ABS household survey, the ABS contacts the household and seek some very basic information about the people in the dwelling. This enables the selection of the person or persons to interview. This is done by asking an adult who lives in the dwelling, referred to as ‘Any Responsible Adult’ (ARA), to list the people who live there, their sex, age, and the relationships between dwelling members.

Depending on the survey, the ABS then selects one person aged 16–85 years (for the National Study of Mental Health and Wellbeing), or one adult and one child (for the National Health Survey and National Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey) from each household to participate in a detailed interview. The LGBTI+ Populations dataset 2022 only includes persons aged 65 years and over from the Survey of Disability, Ageing and Carers (SDAC) so all persons aged 65 years and over in SDAC households were selected.

In SDAC, according to its purpose, the questions on gender and sexual orientation from the 2020 Standard were asked of people with disability, people aged 65 years and over and primary carers of people with disability. No benchmarks were available for this SDAC population aged younger than 65 years so only those aged 65 years and over were included in the LGBTI+ Populations dataset 2022.

Selected persons may or may not be the ARA.

Sex recorded at birth

The sex recorded at birth of all usual residents was reported by the ARA on behalf of all usual residents of the household. This means sex recorded at birth was not self-reported for most persons under 18 years of age and may or may not have been self-reported for adults depending on whether the ARA was selected for the survey. The ARA may or may not have been a relative of the person(s) selected for the survey.

The question used was: ‘What was [your / [usual resident’s first name]'s] sex recorded at birth?’

Options included:

1. Male
2. Female
3. Another term (please specify).

If asked, the ABS advised that ‘’sex recorded at birth’ is what was determined by sex characteristics observed at birth or infancy.’

‘Another term’ for this variable refers to when a person does not have a sex of female or male recorded at birth or infancy. However, some participants in the ABS surveys used for the LGBTI+ Populations dataset 2022 used this response option to communicate other information, for example to convey they were non-binary, trans or refused to answer; in some cases it was left blank.

Commentary and data cubes associated with the release of the LGBTI+ Populations dataset 2022 do not present estimates or characteristics by sex recorded at birth. Instead, where appropriate, gender has been used and the terms female/woman and male/man refer to a person’s reported gender, not to their sex recorded at birth.

Gender

The question on gender was asked directly of all selected persons aged 16 years and over.

Selected persons who were 14 years old or younger were not asked questions on gender, sexual orientation or whether they were born with variations of sex characteristics. In ABS household surveys, questions asked of those aged 14 years and younger are not asked directly of the selected person, but rather a parent or guardian (by proxy).

For the National Health Survey and the National Study of Mental Health and Wellbeing these questions were asked of persons aged 16 years and over. The questions were asked of persons aged 15 years and over in the National Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey and the Survey of Disability, Ageing and Carers. The LGBTI+ Populations dataset 2022 was restricted to persons aged 16 years and over as this was a common age in most of the collections used to create the combined dataset.

The question used was: ‘The next few questions are about your gender and sexual orientation.

Gender refers to current gender, which may be different to sex recorded at birth and may be different from what is indicated on legal documents.

How do you describe your gender?’

The respondent was provided with a prompt card with the following options:

1. Man or Male
2. Woman or Female
3. Non-binary
4. I use a different term (please specify)
5. Prefer not to answer.

People who reported they used a different term reported they were trans or gender diverse (including ‘trans man’, ‘transgender’, ‘trans woman’ or ‘gender fluid’). Please see below for the treatment of responses where people described themselves as ‘trans’ (with no further information provided about their gender).

If asked, ABS advised that ‘gender relates to a person's social or personal identity as a man, woman, non-binary person or another term. A person's gender may change over time and may not match their sex. It can be influenced by biological characteristics and/or additional factors including cultural and behavioural norms and self-identity.’

ABS also advised, if asked, that ‘‘non-binary’ is an umbrella term describing gender identities that are not exclusively man/male or woman/female.’

The ‘different term’ response option allows respondents to accurately specify their gender when it is not represented by any of the options provided. While not reported by any respondents in the surveys pooled for this dataset, this could include terms related to cultural identity such as Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Brotherboys and Sistergirls.

Variations of sex characteristics

The question on whether someone was born with variations of sex characteristics was asked directly of all selected persons aged 16 years and over except for SDAC participants.

As a result of the slightly smaller sample of people being asked the question, a subset of the LGBTI+ Populations dataset 2022 was asked this question. As discussed above, a separate set of weights was created for estimates relating to people who reported they know they were born with variations of sex characteristics.

The question used was: ‘Were you born with a variation of sex characteristics, sometimes called ‘intersex’ or ‘DSD’?’

The options were:

1. Yes
2. No
3. Don’t know
4. Prefer not to answer.

If asked, ABS interviewers advised that ‘born with a variation of sex characteristics relates to individuals who were born with physical sex characteristics that don't fit medical and social norms for female or male bodies. It refers to a wide spectrum of variations to genitals, hormones, chromosomes and/or reproductive organs.’

In addition, ABS advised ‘other umbrella terms used to describe being born with a variation of sex characteristics are 'intersex' or 'differences/disorders of Sex Development (DSD)'’.

Some respondents may be unaware of the concepts behind the question or unfamiliar with the terminology[13]. This may lead to some respondents mistakenly answering yes when they do not have variations of sex characteristics. Conversely, some respondents who were born with variations of sex characteristics may have answered no to the question if they were not aware or did not believe their characteristics were included in the concepts and terminology of the question. It is not possible to determine whether these scenarios occurred and if so, how often.

The response of ‘Don’t know’ to the variations of sex characteristics question (0.7% of the Australian population aged 16 years and over) was higher than those who responded ‘Yes’ (0.3%). Several types of non-sampling error are likely to contribute to this, such as respondent understanding of the concepts behind the question. A ‘Don’t know’ response may also be a genuine answer because respondents may genuinely not know. For example, people who are attempting to conceive a child may only find out they were born with variations of sex characteristics when they reach this period in their lives[14]. There is no way to determine what proportion of the don’t know responses reflect non-sampling error overall, or different types of non-sampling error.

While some people who know they were born with variations of sex characteristics may also have a trans experience, there may be some people who have a trans experience who were not born with variations of sex characteristics but who consider this question relates to them. There was no significant difference in the proportion of people who reported they were not born with variations of sex characteristics and have a trans experience compared to those who reported they know they were born with variations of sex characteristics and have a trans experience. This suggests false positives from people with a trans experience are unlikely and any such cases would be a minor contribution to the resulting estimates.

By their nature, smaller populations and less common characteristics are subject to higher variability than larger populations and more common characteristics when producing estimates from a dataset[15]. The LGBTI+ Populations dataset 2022 found only a small number of people who reported they know they were born with variations in sex characteristics in the sample. These estimates have a higher level of statistical error in the detailed characteristics of this population. The ABS has therefore chosen not to present detailed data on the characteristics of people who know they were born with variations in sex characteristics using this dataset due to the high variability associated with the estimates.

Sexual orientation

The question on a person’s sexual orientation was asked directly of all selected persons aged 16 years and over.

ABS Household surveys use the question ‘How do you describe your sexual orientation?’ and provide a prompt card with the following options:

1. Straight (Heterosexual)
2. Gay or Lesbian
3. Bisexual
4. I use a different term (please specify)
5. Don’t know
6. Prefer not to answer.

For those who reported using a different term, common responses included pansexual, queer and asexual. Some people also chose to describe their gender or their trans experience.

If asked, the ABS used the following statements to explain the concepts:

• The sexual orientation question is asking about sexual identity. This is how a person thinks of their own sexuality and the term they identify with.
• Heterosexual: A person whose sexual orientation is towards persons of a different sex.
• Gay or lesbian: A person whose sexual orientation is towards persons of the same sex.
• Bisexual: A person whose sexual orientation is towards persons of the same sex and persons of a different sex.

Cis gender and Trans and Gender Diverse Classification

Cis gender (‘cis’) describes persons whose gender is the same as their sex recorded at birth (man and male or woman and female). According to the 2020 Standard, the umbrella term ‘trans’ describes people whose gender is different to their sex recorded at birth. In this analysis, this population are described as trans and gender diverse, and as people who have a trans experience.

The 2020 Standard does not have a specific question or provide a specific response option for the respondent to communicate their trans experience. A 'two step method' was used for deriving cis and trans through the answers to the questions about sex recorded at birth and gender as outlined in the following table.

In the 2020 Standard, if a respondent reported their gender as non-binary but specified their sex recorded at birth as ‘Another term’ they were classified as ‘Inadequately described’. The pooled dataset takes a slightly different approach to the 2020 Standard and all people who report their gender as non-binary or different term are classified as trans.

Additionally, where a person used a write in response to clearly communicate they have a trans experience, their records were amended in the LGBTI+ Populations dataset 2022 to accurately reflect the reported trans status. Seventeen records were changed due to this review of written responses.

Specifically, all written responses were reviewed alongside the reported sex recorded at birth, gender and sexual orientation items. For people who wrote about their trans experience using terms such as ‘trans’, ‘trans male’, ‘trans female’ etc, their responses to the sex recorded at birth and/or gender questions were amended as per the following principles:

• Where someone reported they were ‘trans female’ or ‘trans woman’ (or other equivalent terms) sex recorded at birth was set to male and gender to woman where this was not already the case.
• Where someone reported they were ‘trans male’ or ‘trans man’ (or other equivalent terms) sex recorded at birth was set to female and gender to man where this was not already the case.
• Where a person reported they were ‘trans’ or ‘transgender’ (without providing any further information about their gender), their response to the gender question was reviewed:
  • if this was male or female, sex recorded at birth was set to the opposite binary term to gender (i.e. female or male)
  • if, however, there was a written response to the gender question of ‘trans’, their response to the sex recorded at birth question was then considered and where this was male or female their gender response was amended to return trans in the modified two step method.
• There were no cases where the respondent said they were trans but there was no specific information about either their gender or sex recorded at birth.

People with a trans experience in the commentary and data cubes includes:

• trans men
• trans women
• non-binary people
• people who use a different term for their gender, such as gender fluid.

Use of acronyms

The ABS acknowledge that just as there are variations of the acronym LGBTI+, there are also differences between the individuals it represents. In the Estimates and characteristics of LGBTI+ populations in Australia analysis the following acronyms are used:

LGB+ represents people who are lesbian, gay, bisexual, or who use a different term to describe their sexual orientation (such as queer, pansexual or asexual).

The LGBT+ acronym includes any person for whom one or more of these descriptions applies:

• is lesbian, gay, bisexual or uses a different term to describe their sexual orientation (such as queer, pansexual or asexual)
• is trans or gender diverse (including trans men, trans women and non-binary people).

People born with variations of sex characteristics are only included in the LGBT+ acronym where they are LGB+ and/or are trans or gender diverse.

The LGBTI+ acronym includes any person for whom one or more of these descriptions applies:

• is lesbian, gay, bisexual or uses a different term to describe their sexual orientation (such as queer, pansexual or asexual)
• is trans or gender diverse (including trans men, trans women and non-binary people)
• was born with variations of sex characteristics.

All people born with variations of sex characteristics are included in the LGBTI+ acronym, including those who are heterosexual (straight) and cis. Table 4 below outlines the relationships between the acronym and concepts collected in the 2020 Standard.

The ABS acknowledge the wide range of biological traits, behaviours, experiences and needs of the people summarised by the LGBT+ and LGBTI+ acronyms. Estimates representing LGBT+ and LGBTI+ people are provided in the analysis because it is not possible to calculate the proportion of the total population who are LGBT+ or LGBTI+ by summing the populations that these acronyms represent. For example, some (but not all) people who have a trans experience are also LGB+, and summing the number of trans and gender diverse people and LGB+ people would result in such a person contributing twice to the count. By presenting LGBT+ and LGBTI+ summary statistics, the ABS is not suggesting that the people or populations represented by either acronym are a single group with the same characteristics or lived experiences.

Two types of error are possible in estimates based on a sample survey:

• non-sampling error
• sampling error.

1. Statistics New Zealand, ‘2023 Census shows 1 in 20 adults belong to Aotearoa New Zealand’s LGBTIQ+ population’, https://www.stats.govt.nz/news/2023-census-shows-1-in-20-adults-belong-to-aotearoa-new-zealands-lgbtiq-population/; accessed 12/12/2024.
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