Microdata and TableBuilder: Barriers and Incentives to Labour Force Participation

The Barriers and Incentives to Labour Force Participation survey is collected monthly as a module of the Multi-Purpose Household Survey (MPHS) with the sample pooled across a financial year. The survey was run every second financial year between 2004-05 and 2022-23. The survey is now run every financial year.

Barriers and Incentives to Labour Force Participation provides a range of information relating to people who are not working or are not fully employed, and the factors that influence them to join or leave work.

The survey is designed to provide a large range of statistics on labour market dynamics across the following conceptual groups:

• Geography
• Demographics
• Cultural diversity
• Families and Children
• Education and Qualifications
• Health and Disability
• Unpaid work and care
• Participation and Underemployment
• Characteristics of employment
• Characteristics of main and last job
• Income and Housing
• Partner's participation and income
• Wanting to work or more hours
• Available for work or more hours
• Looking for work or more hours
• Difficulties finding work
• Barriers and incentives to working

Data from the Barriers and Incentives survey is released in Tablebuilder and microdata in DataLab for the following years:

• TableBuilder: 2010-11, 2016-17 and 2018-19 (as originally published).
• DataLab: 2014-15 to 2022-23 (financial years) and September quarter 2014 to March quarter 2024 (latest available) (revised data using current methods and population benchmarks).

TableBuilder is an online tool for creating tables and graphs from underlying data. Refer to TableBuilder for more information. 

Microdata in Datalab is the most detailed information available from a survey and are generally the responses to individual questions on the questionnaire or data derived from two or more questions. DataLab is the analysis solution for high-end users who want to undertake real time complex analysis of detailed microdata in a secure environment. Refer to DataLab for more information.

Compare data services to see what's right for you. Information on how to apply for access can be found in TableBuilder and DataLab.

Further information about these products, and other information to assist users in understanding and accessing microdata in general, is available from the Microdata and TableBuilder Entry Page.

For further support in the use of this product, please contact Microdata Access Strategies via microdata.access@abs.gov.au.

The ABS Privacy Policy outlines how the ABS handles any personal information that you provide to us.

General information about the Barriers and Incentives to Labour Force Participation (B&I) survey, including summary results, are available in Barriers and Incentives to Labour Force Participation.

Detailed information about the survey including scope and coverage, survey design, data collection methodology, weighting, estimation and benchmarking, estimate reliability and a glossary is available in the Methodology page.

The data items included in the B&I TableBuilder are grouped under broad headings and subheadings as shown in the image below. A complete data items list can be found in Data Item Lists.

Subject to confidentiality and sampling variability constraints, special tabulations can be produced incorporating data items, populations and geographic areas selected to meet individual requirements. These are available, on request, on a fee for service basis. For more information, contact the ABS by visiting Contact us or email the the Labour Statistics Branch at labour.statistics@abs.gov.au.

The underlying format of the B&I file is structured at a single person level. This person level contains general demographic information such as age, sex, country of birth and status of employment as well details about underemployment, weekly income and qualifications.

When tabulating data from TableBuilder, person weights are automatically applied to the underlying sample counts to provide the survey's population estimates.

Most data items included in the TableBuilder file include a 'Not applicable' category. This category generally represents the number of people who were not asked a particular question or the number of people excluded from the population for a data item when that item was derived (e.g. Hours usually worked in main job is not applicable for unemployed persons or persons not in the labour force).

The population relevant to each data item should be kept in mind when extracting and analysing data. The actual population count for each data item is equal to the total cumulative frequency minus the 'Not applicable' category.

Generally, some populations can be 'filtered' using other relevant data items. For example, if the population of interest is 'Employed', any data item with that population (excluding the 'Not applicable' category) could be used.

Tables generated from sample surveys will sometimes contain cells with zero values because no respondents that satisfied the parameters of a particular cell in a table were in the survey. This is despite there being people in the general population with those characteristics. This is an example of sampling variability which occurs with all sample surveys. Relative Standard Errors cannot be generated for zero cells.

For general information relating to the TableBuilder or instructions on how to use features of the TableBuilder product, please refer to TableBuilder.

More specific information applicable to Barriers and Incentives to Labour Force Participation (B&I) survey TableBuilder, which should enable users to understand, interpret and tabulate the data, is outlined below.

In accordance with the Census and Statistics Act 1905, all the data in TableBuilder are subjected to a confidentiality process before release. This confidentiality process is undertaken to avoid releasing information that may allow the identification of particular individuals, families, households, dwellings or businesses.

Processes used in TableBuilder to confidentialise records include the following:

• perturbation of data; and
• table suppression.

To minimise the risk of identifying individuals in aggregate statistics, a technique is used to randomly adjust cell values. This technique is called perturbation. Perturbation involves small random adjustments of the statistics and is considered the most satisfactory technique for avoiding the release of identifiable statistics while maximising the range of information that can be released. These adjustments have a negligible impact on the underlying pattern of the statistics.

The introduction of these random adjustments result in tables not adding up. As a result, randomly adjusted individual cells will be consistent across tables, but the totals in any table will not be the sum of the individual cell values. The size of the difference between summed cells and the relevant total will generally be very small.

Please be aware that the effects of perturbing the data may result in components being larger than their totals. This includes determining proportions.

Some tables generated within TableBuilder may contain a substantial proportion of very low counts within cells (excluding cells that have counts of zero). When this occurs, all values within the table are suppressed in order to preserve confidentiality. The following error message below is displayed (in red) at the bottom of the table when table suppression has occurred.

ERROR: The table has been suppressed as it is too sparse.
ERROR: table cell values have been suppressed.

Weighting is the process of adjusting results from a sample survey to infer results for the total population. To do this, a 'weight' is allocated to each record. The weight is the value that indicates how many population units are represented by each sample unit.

To produce estimates for the in-scope population you must use a weight field in your tables. In TableBuilder they can be found under the 'Summation Options' category in the left hand pane under the applicable level. If you do not select a weight field, TableBuilder will apply 'Person weight' by default. This will give you estimates of the number of persons.

If you are estimating the number of persons with certain characteristics (e.g. 'Number of non–school qualifications completed') the weight listed under the category heading 'Person level weighting' must be used.

The Person level contains a range of data items detailing the characteristics of respondents including demographic, education, labour force, participation, job search, and population variables.

When adding a data item to a table, it should be noted that not all respondents to the survey may be associated with that data item. For example, the data item “Main difficulty in finding work” only applies to people who looked for work. The “Not applicable” category is used to indicate people who did not look for work as only those who looked for work were asked about any difficulties in finding work.

Similarly, if users want to add multiple data items to a table they should ensure that these data items are applicable to the same population group.

For more information about data items, refer to the Data Items List available from Data Item Lists.

Cross-tabulating data from the person level with other data items from the same level will produce data about people. For example, cross-tabulating the geographic variable 'State or territory of usual residence' by the 'Hours usually worked in all jobs' produces a table showing the number of people in each region by the hours that they usually work each week in all jobs.

A number of data items allow respondents to report more than one response. These are referred to as 'multi–response data items'. An example of such a data item is pictured below. For this data item, respondents can report all of the reasons why they were not available to start work or work more hours.

When a multi–response data item is tabulated, a person is counted against each response they have provided (e.g. a person who responds 'Pregnancy' and 'Home duties' will be counted once in both of these categories).

As a result, each person in the appropriate population is counted at least once, and some persons are counted multiple times. Therefore, the total for a multi–response data item will be less than or equal to the sum of its components.

For more information on definitions and concepts that apply to the data items in this file, please refer to Barriers and Incentives to Labour Force Participation and Labour Force.

DataLab allows real time access to detailed microdata files through a portal to a secure ABS environment. Using detailed microdata in DataLab allows users to run advanced statistical analyses using recent analytical software.

For information about the data items available on the detailed microdata files, see the Data Item Lists in Data Item Lists.

Detailed microdata files in DataLab can be accessed on-site at ABS offices or in a secure virtual environment from your own computer. All unit record data remains in DataLab, and any analysis results or tables are checked by the ABS before being provided to users.

Refer to DataLab for more information, including prerequisites for DataLab access.

Barriers and Incentives to Labour Force Participation (B&I) microdata is available in ABS DataLab, released as a supplementary file for the Longitudinal Labour Force (LLFS) microdata.  All existing users of the LLFS microdata will automatically get access to the additional file (use of the file may require an updated project proposal) and new users can apply for access to both files.

This release of Barriers and Incentives microdata features data for every second financial year between 2014-15 to 2022-23. The data for each financial year has also been separated into four quarterly periods with separate quarterly weights. An additional reference period for December quarter 2023 has also been provided from the incomplete 2023-24 financial year survey. Finalised estimates from the 2023-24 financial year survey are scheduled for release on 11 December 2024. 

Related microdata from the annual Participation, Job Search and Mobility survey is also available for the period February 2015 to February 2023. For more information, refer to Microdata and TableBuilder: Participation, Job Search and Mobility.

The record identifiers used in the B&I and LLFS microdata are consistent across both files. This is to facilitate data linkage between the two files and enable further analysis.

The B&I survey is collected by personal interview from a random person aged 18 years and over in private dwellings from 1/16th of the Labour Force Survey (LFS) sample (selected from the 'outgoing rotation group' - people who are in their final month of selection in the LFS). This means that most records on the LLFS will not have a corresponding B&I record. From January 2023, the proportion was increased to 1/8th of the LFS sample.

The B&I survey is collected monthly, with the sample pooled over a financial year. The survey month identifier (ABSMID), which indicates the month of collection, has been included to facilitate data linkage to the LLFS. While this can provide monthly sub-samples, it is recommended that in most cases the microdata should be analysed using the whole financial year sample, using the 'Reference year' (REFYEAR) identifier to mark different points in time.

More details on these records and the formatting of record identifiers can be found in the Data Item List in Data Item Lists.

Person level weights (and replicate weights for calculating standard errors) are provided on the B&I file. These differ from the weights provided on the LLFS file, as the weights are recalibrated for B&I due to the reduced sample size compared to the LFS. Aggregate estimates from both sets of weights will align closely, as the B&I survey data is benchmarked to match the corresponding 12-month average of estimates from the LFS, but care should be taken when performing micro analysis.

Weights and replicate weights have been calibrated for the surveys whole financial year sample and should be used in conjunction with the Reference year (REFYEAR) identifier.

Additional person level weights (and replicate weights) have also been provided on the B&I file to calculate estimates on a quarterly basis. These are based on the corresponding 3-month average of estimates from the LFS and should be used in conjunction with the Reference quarter (REFQTR) identifier. While these quarterly weights have been provided as an option, it is recommended that in most cases the microdata should be analysed using the whole financial year sample. 

B&I weights are recommended for cross-sectional analysis of B&I data items, but when linking B&I and LLFS data for longitudinal analysis, new weights should be calculated based on the population benchmarks provided on the LLFS file. Care should be taken to account for attrition bias by adjusting the weights appropriately (increasing the weights for those more likely to leave the LFS). More information on using benchmarks and weights for longitudinal analysis is provided in Longitudinal Labour Force.

• This update corresponds to the addition of a new quarter from the incomplete 2023-24 financial year survey - March quarter 2024.
• An issue was detected in the 2023-24 collection which resulted in incomplete incentives data for people who did not want to work. This issue only relates to 2023-24 data and does not affect other data for this population group or data for other groups.  For the March quarter 2024, this issue has been addressed using imputation based on March quarter 2023 data. The ABS will review this imputation approach when March quarter 2025 data becomes available.
• Weights and replicate weights have been rebenchmarked to November 2023 Labour Force Survey (both financial year and quarterly weights). These revisions incorporate the final rebasing of ERP to the results of the 2021 Census.
• SEIFA data items and Section of State geography for 2023-24 are not yet available.
• Types of government pensions or allowances received were  collected from February 2024 in the 2023-24 financial year survey.
• Items collected as part of the Retirement and Retirement Intentions survey will not be available for the 2023-24 financial year. These include: 'Main source of funds for meeting living costs (retirees)', 'Housing tenure type', 'Partner's weekly income from all sources', 'Partner's sources of income', 'Partner's government pensions or allowances received', 'Population 27 - People aged 45 years and over who had retired (Retirement survey)'.

• This update corresponds to the addition of a new quarter from the incomplete 2023-24 financial year survey - December quarter 2023.
• An issue was detected in the 2023-24 collection which resulted in incomplete incentives data for people who did not want to work. This issue only relates to 2023-24 data and does not affect other data for this population group or data for other groups.  For the December quarter 2023, this issue has been addressed using imputation based on December quarter 2022 data. The ABS will review this imputation approach when December quarter 2024 data becomes available.
• Weights and replicate weights have been rebenchmarked to November 2023 Labour Force Survey (both financial year and quarterly weights). These revisions incorporate the final rebasing of ERP to the results of the 2021 Census.
• SEIFA data items and Section of State geography for 2023-24 are not yet available.
• Types of government pensions or allowances received were not collected for the Decmeber quarter 2023. These items will be collected from February 2024 in the 2023-24 financial year survey.
• Items collected as part of the Retirement and Retirement Intentions survey will not be available for the 2023-24 financial year. These include: 'Main source of funds for meeting living costs (retirees)', 'Housing tenure type', 'Partner's weekly income from all sources', 'Partner's sources of income', 'Partner's government pensions or allowances received', 'Population 27 - People aged 45 years and over who had retired (Retirement survey)'.

• This update corresponds to the addition of a new quarter from the incomplete 2023-24 financial year survey - September quarter 2023.
• An issue was detected in the 2023-24 collection which resulted in incomplete incentives data for people who did not want to work. This issue only relates to 2023-24 data and does not affect other data for this population group or data for other groups.  For the September quarter 2023, this issue has been addressed using imputation based on September quarter 2022 data. The ABS will review this imputation approach when September quarter 2024 data becomes available.
• Weights and replicate weights have been rebenchmarked to November 2023 Labour Force Survey (both financial year and quarterly weights). These revisions incorporate the final rebasing of ERP to the results of the 2021 Census.
• New populations of interest were added: 'People without children aged 0 - 14 years', 'People on any government pension or allowance', 'People living in areas of socio-economic disadvantage', 'Part-time casual workers', and 'People aged 55-75 years, excluding retired and unable to work'.
• Previously missing family relationship items 'Family composition of household', 'Social marital status' and 'Relationship in household' have been re-instated for the 2014-15 and 2016-17 financial years.
• References to the outdated term 'sickness' have been replaced with 'short-term illness' or 'long-term health condition'.
• SEIFA data items and Section of State geography for 2023-24 are not yet available.
• Types of government pensions or allowances received were not collected for the September quarter 2023. These items will be collected from February 2024 in the 2023-24 financial year survey.
• Items collected as part of the Retirement and Retirement Intentions survey will not be available for the 2023-24 financial year. These include: 'Main source of funds for meeting living costs (retirees)', 'Housing tenure type', 'Partner's weekly income from all sources', 'Partner's sources of income', 'Partner's government pensions or allowances received', 'Population 27 - People aged 45 years and over who had retired (Retirement survey)'.

• This update corresponds to the completed 2022-23 financial year survey and includes the June quarter 2023.
• Weights and replicate weights have been rebenchmarked to August 2023 Labour Force Survey estimates.
• Disability data items now available for the June quarter 2023.
• SEIFA data items are now also included.
• Previously missing income, government pensions or allowances and retirement survey items for the 2022-23 financial year are now available.
• Previously missing education and qualifications items have been re-instated for the 2014-15 financial year.
• The data items related to Populations of interest have been re-ordered and renumbered sequentially to match the standard Excel outputs, refer to the Data Item List in Data Item Lists for more details.

• This update corresponds to the addition of a new quarter from the incomplete 2022-23 financial year survey - March quarter 2023.

• Weights and replicate weights have been rebenchmarked to April 2023 Labour Force Survey estimates.

• Revisions to the items related to "Reasons not looking for work or more hours" and "Difficulties finding work or more hours" based on the manual recoding of the text provided for "other reasons."

• Revisions to items related to "permanently retired" to expand the scope to include all people not in the labour force who did not want a paid job and who provided the reason "Permanently retired, will not work full-time again" when asked why they did not want to work. Previously, only those who provided that reason as the main reason were defined as permanently retired.

• Income related items are not yet available for March quarter 2023 and will be provided in a future update.

• Items collected as part of the Retirement and Retirement Intentions survey ('Government pensions or allowances', 'Main source of funds for meeting living costs (retirees)', 'Housing tenure type', and 'Population 27 - People aged 45 years and over who had retired (Retirement survey)') are not yet available for September quarter 2022 to March quarter 2023 and will be provided in a future update. 

• This update corresponds to the release of new weights on the DataLab microdata file that separate the financial year survey data into quarterly reference periods. It also includes the addition of two new quarters from the incomplete 2022-23 financial year survey - September quarter 2022 and December quarter 2022. 

• This is the first release of Microdata: Barriers and Incentives to Labour Force Participation. Data was previously published in conjunction with the Retirement and Retirement Intentions survey. Future releases will continue to improve and develop these surveys as separate titles.

This release uses ABS catalogue number 6239.0.55.002.

Data from this release was previously published in Microdata: Barriers and Incentives to Labour Force Participation, Retirement and Retirement Intentions (6238.0.5.001).

Related microdata is also available in Microdata and TableBuilder: Participation, Job Search and Mobility (6226.0.00.001).