Weekly Payroll Jobs and Wages in Australia methodology

The ATO Client Register is a register of persons that have interacted with the ATO and have been issued with an Australian Tax File Number (TFN). The person-level Client Register contains demographic data such as sex, date of birth and residential address. The ABS receives yearly updates (or snapshots) of the de-identified Client Register from the ATO for use in the production of statistics.

Jobholder characteristics were initially sourced from the mid-2019 snapshot. From the 13 April 2021 release, jobholder characteristics such as date of birth (from which age is derived), sex and geography (including sub-state region) have been updated using the mid-2020 snapshot. These characteristics are held constant over the time series to reduce volatility in fluctuating characteristics.

While date of birth is held constant, the age of jobholders (as derived from date of birth) continues to be updated at the start of a jobholder’s birth month each year.

The ABS Business Register is populated using data from the Australian Business Register (ABR) and business data from the Australian Tax Office (ATO). Data on the structures of large and complex businesses are also collected by ABS. The ABS Business Register is updated regularly and a frame of business, containing business characteristic information, is produced quarterly for use in the production of statistics.

The March 2020 quarter frame (or snapshot) is currently used to determine industry and employment size for businesses reporting their payroll via STP in these estimates. Once a business’ payroll job is allocated to an industry or employment size, it is held constant against that category over time. By using the March 2020 snapshot and holding employer characteristics constant, the ABS is able to present information about the change in payroll jobs based on the employer characteristics before Australia recorded its 100th confirmed COVID-19 case on 14 March 2020.

Businesses which were created after March 2020 will not appear on the snapshot and are assigned an ‘unknown’ employment size and industry. The number of STP Payroll jobs which do not have employment size or industry is small, and their exclusion is expected to have minimal impact on the industry and employment size estimates. An update of the Business Register snapshot will be undertaken over the next few months. For more information, see the Data components, totals and index calculation section of Data limitations and revisions.

The STP data are reported on a cash basis (the time when the payment was made) rather than an accrual basis (the time when the payment was earned). Production of real time estimates require the conversion of STP data from a cash basis to an accrual basis. This is done through a “calendarisation” method. This method breaks down all records to a common period (daily), which allows the data to be aggregated and analysed for any longer period (e.g. weekly).

The calendarisation method includes the following steps:

• calculation of the periodicity (payment frequency) using the start and end date of the payment period,
• calculation of a daily pay rate by dividing the total payments by the payment frequency (for example, weekly pay is divided by seven), and
• an adjustment to the periodicity for a job to exclude the days before commencement (or after termination), where the start or termination date for a job occurs within the payment period.

Towards the end of the financial year, unadjusted STP data includes higher than usual week-to-week changes in total wages paid. In particular, some employers report lumped fringe benefits tax (FBT) payment amounts for eligible employees at the end of the financial year. This is most evident in the Health care and social assistance industry. In order to reduce the reporting variability introduced by these payments, the ABS has determined and applied an adjustment factor to accrue reported FBT amounts across the relevant financial year wages series. It is applied to all records which include reportable FBT amounts, not just those in the Health care and social assistance industry.

This adjustment factor has been applied for the 2020-21 financial year, but will be revised at the conclusion of each financial year using business reported data to ensure it remains current. This treatment enhances the existing calendarisation methodology and is consistent with the definition of wages and salaries used in the Australian System of National Accounts. More information about employer reporting of FBT is available from the ATO website.

This adjustment methodology is not possible for other extraordinary payments (such as bonuses) where they are included with the wages data in the period they are paid. Bonuses are not currently readily distinguishable from the wages component of the STP job level dataset (unlike reportable FBT amounts) and can be paid at any time.

In addition to cash reporting, extracted STP payment data for a specific week cycle may be incomplete due to:

• different business reporting habits; 
• different pay frequencies; and
• the 17-day lag between the reference week and the release of estimates. 

To produce reliable weekly statistics, an imputation method is applied to account for incompleteness. Imputation includes the following considerations: 

• Imputation is not applied where no established pattern of payment exists to enable forward extrapolation. For example, a small proportion of employees paid on an ad hoc basis.
• If an employee has not yet had payment data reported and they have not been flagged for termination, it is assumed that their payment status is consistent with their previous reporting record. The previous calculated daily rate will be imputed for the current period.
• If an employee has no payment data reported for two consecutive pay periods, it is assumed that their employment has been terminated. No further forward imputation is applied. Imputed data remains in place until eight pay periods have elapsed, to account for any lags in business reporting.
• No imputation is applied for new employees without historical payment information, until a pattern can be determined. This means that there is an inherent and unavoidable lag before new payroll jobs appear in the data after their initial pay period. The lag is longer for new jobs with employers who have less frequent payment and reporting periods, which is accounted for via a coverage adjustment.

Analysis indicates that STP data for the most recent reference week at the time of initial publication is approximately 75-80% complete and can take several months to be fully complete (due to quarterly STP reporters). The delay in ‘completeness’ is observed via the level of imputation over time. 

In any given reference week, business reported data is included for almost all weekly paid employees, most employees paid fortnightly and some employees paid monthly. For example, a business with a fortnightly payroll will only report payments in alternate weeks in the STP dataset. As at the end of March 2021, the data indicated that 33% of employees are paid weekly; 52% are paid fortnightly; 12% are paid monthly; and 3% are paid quarterly or infrequently.

While a fortnightly pay frequency is the most common amongst all industries, the dominant pay frequency varies across industry as seen in the graph below. This may affect the level of imputation in each industry. 

The imputation method was updated in the week ending 30 January 2021 release. For more information, see the Imputation update subsection of Methods review.

Once STP data are converted via the calendarisation method and imputation is applied, the data are aggregated for each week (ending Saturday) to produce:

• total payroll jobs, which is the average of the 7 days of payroll job counts,
• total wages, which is the sum of all daily wages for the week, except for employees who cease a job during the week where only the wages for the days worked are included, and
• average weekly wage per payroll job, which is calculated by dividing the total wages value by the total payroll jobs number.

To protect the confidentiality of individuals, data are subject to a suppression process. Data suppression is generally applied to finer level estimates, where a smaller number of individuals contribute to the estimate (such as sub-state indexes). The existing data suppression process has recently been reviewed and updated, and applied to estimates since the release on 20 October 2020. This has resulted in an improvement in the quality of the underlying data used to produce the sub-state datacube. Previously released national, state and territory and industry indexes were not changed by this updated process.

Estimates are supplied as indexes to provide an indication of movements (rather than level estimates) during the COVID-19 period. In order to compare changes over time, the week in which Australia recorded its 100th confirmed coronavirus case (i.e. the week ending 14 March 2020) is used as the reference period for constructing the indexes and given an index value of 100.0. These indexes differ from the ABS' suite of price indexes (including the Wage Price Index) which measure changes in price over time unaffected by quality or quantity and should not be directly compared.

Indexes allow comparison of data between two points in time, the points in time can be adjacent (this week and the previous week) or many weeks apart. Movements in the index from one period to another can be expressed as either points or percentage change and these are rounded to one decimal place. The following example illustrates the method of calculating changes in index points and percentage changes between any two periods:

The following example illustrates the method of calculating a recovery percentage change between any two periods:

STP is a dynamic administrative data source, hence these estimates may be subject to the following sources of error:

• Conceptual misalignment - The Australian tax system is purpose-built and complex, and in some cases it is difficult to determine how a particular STP item should be used to describe impact on payroll jobs and wages. While all care is taken, some income items are subject to this type of validity error. Coherence with other sources indicates that this has a low impact on the aggregate series.
• Reporting error - This is likely to be present in both person and business information used. Most reporting errors are unable to be determined or corrected; however, coherence with other similar statistics demonstrates that this has a low impact on the aggregate series.

For further information, please see Data limitations and revisions.

There are differences between these estimates and similar statistics produced by the ABS. When compared to other ABS sources, the change in payroll jobs, change in wages paid and change in average weekly wage per job in these estimates may differ due to differences in the concepts, scope and methodology used. For example, these estimates:

• contain a combination of administrative data collected for taxation purposes from businesses, whereas other ABS data sources are compiled for the explicit purpose of producing statistics,
• exclude unreported cash in hand payments which may be included in household and business surveys,
• may include information relating a reference week, rather than a particular point in time,
• are not currently able to be adjusted with respect to seasonality, unlike other Labour Force releases, and
• provide a view of payroll jobs, whereas the Labour Force survey presents a view of employed persons. The difference being those people who hold more than one job at a time (i.e. secondary jobs).

For further information, please see Differences to Labour Force employment statistics.

Jobholder characteristics presented in these estimates are sourced from both STP and ATO Client Register data. While the STP data set is a dynamic data source, the Client Register is a point in time snapshot of data. Prior to the release for the week ending 27 March 2021, the Client Register snapshot used was from mid-2019.

STP records whose characteristics cannot be determined from STP or the Client Register snapshot are assigned to an ‘unknown’ category. Records with unknown characteristics are included in the calculation of index totals (for payroll jobs and total wages), but are excluded from the component indexes (such as males and females). As persons join the workforce or register with the ATO for the first time, the Client Register snapshot becomes outdated and the number payroll jobs with unknown characteristics increases.

The effect of an increasing number of unknowns is visible in the divergence of the male and female payroll jobs indexes from the all persons payroll jobs index as released on 30 March 2021 for the week ending 13 March 2021.

From the release of week ending 27 March 2021, a mid-2020 snapshot of the Client Register has been used to update jobholder characteristics. The number of records with unknown characteristics has been reduced, in addition to some existing values being updated, causing varying levels of revision across the time series. Adjusted male and female payroll jobs indexes (as released on 30 March 2021 for the week ending 13 March 2021) after the Client Register update are presented below for comparison to the above graph.

Jobholder characteristics, such as date of birth, sex and geography (including sub-state region) were updated using the mid-2020 snapshot and are held constant across the time series, to enable the change in payroll jobs and wages information to be produced without the volatility in characteristics. Age continues to be updated based on the job holders date of birth (see the Age derivation update section in Methods Review for more information). Total payroll jobs and wages indexes were not impacted by the Client Register update.

The level of revision seen in component indexes can be higher for some jobholder characteristics and can vary across the time series or the index of interest. The impact of revisions will be relative to the proportion of unknowns for those characteristics, as detailed in the table below.

The proportion of unknown sex, which is only sourced from the Client Register, is expected to increase over time as the Client Register snapshot ages. Proportions of unknown age and geography remain small over time, as they can also be derived from STP data.

The Client Register snapshot used in these estimates, will be updated on at least an annual basis. The ABS is currently investigating suitable timing and frequency of future Client Register updates.

As part of the ongoing methods review, the imputation method was reviewed and updated in the release of 16 February 2021 (for the week ending 30 January 2021). Imputation is used to estimate values for incomplete data in the most recent pay period, to account for different payment frequencies and business reporting patterns. For more information on how imputation is applied, see the Imputation section of How data are processed.

The imputation method uses a derived ‘final pay frequency’ (based on reported pay events in the STP data) to determine which pay events will be imputed. In the previous method, the final pay frequency was the mode frequency of the three largest pay events of a payroll job. Investigations determined that this method did not impute pay events where a mode could not be calculated. 

The updated method seeks to optimise the number of pay events imputed, while ensuring that imputation is not applied continuously. This is achieved by:

• determining final pay frequency based on the mode of the three most recent pay events, using the median pay frequency if the mode cannot be determined; and
• removing imputation when subsequent business reporting indicates that imputation is not required.

Across the time series, all indexes (including component indexes) are affected by the updated method. The updated imputation method has been applied across all historical data, resulting in revisions across the time series. Revisions may be more pronounced in finer component indexes, such as state by industry. The ABS recommends that analyses of previously published estimates be refreshed with data from this release.

The updated method is designed to deliver a reduced magnitude of future revisions, particularly in the most recent week’s data. The following graphs present separate comparisons of payroll jobs and wages, using the updated and previous methods against data as released on 2 February 2021 for the week ending 16 January 2021.

In line with the Methods review outlined above, an investigation of existing methods highlighted an issue with the derivation of age (and consequently age group indexes). The issue related to how age was determined with respect to the current reference week. For example, at the time of the first release on 21 April 2020, there were approximately 509,000 payroll jobs reported to be held by 15-19-year olds in the week ending 14 March 2020.  As at the 19 January 2021 release, this cohort was estimated to contain 434,000 payroll jobs for the week ending 14 March 2020.  

Previously, a person’s age (and age group) was redefined at each reference week and updated to the start of the time series included in that release. This resulted in the age group population being measured in each reference week changing over time, and becoming increasingly different to the population of interest. This issue particularly impacted the time series of the youngest (aged 15-19 years) and oldest (aged 70 years and over) persons age groups. 

In the 2 February 2021 release, the derivation method was updated to: hold a person’s age (and consequently age group) constant until their birthday month; and ‘age’ a person at the start of their birthday month. That is, at the start of each calendar month, the age of all job occupants with a birthday in the coming month will be updated to that of their upcoming birthday. 

Privacy protection has been increased by using calendar month to update age, rather than the more precise day and month. However, it may introduce a small amount of volatility in the week on week change at the start of each calendar month. That is, a portion of the movement in age group at the start of the month (payroll jobs and wages) may relate to the ‘aging’ of persons as they transition up an age group. 

Indexes for national, state/territory, industry and employment size estimates are not affected by the updated method, as only those indexes with an age dimension have been impacted.

A comparison of payroll jobs is presented in the following graph for the age groups most affected by the change in method, using data from the 2 February 2021 release.  

Payroll jobs and wages estimates (including percentage change movements and indexes) are revised in each release across the time series. These revisions arise from:

• the aim to release data as close as possible to the period when the activity occurred,
• the receipt of more complete STP data over time,
• the incorporation of newly available businesses in STP reported data. 

Revisions have the greatest impact on the most recently reported information. Over time, as more business-reported data is received, the size of revisions decreases.  To reduce the impact of week on week revisions, the ABS uses historical information to impute the most recent weeks data. The ABS is taking a cautious approach to imputation as factors influencing jobs can occur unexpectedly, for example, the surge in COVID-19 cases in Victoria in July 2020.

The size of revisions and the period over which they apply can vary between indexes. Some component indexes are subject to higher than usual levels of revision, over a longer period. For example, the employment size indexes show both a higher incidence and duration of revision. This is most noticeable in the small employers group (those with under 20 employees). The following characteristics of this group contribute to the variation in revision of their estimates: 

• higher levels of reporting variability; 
• a greater incidence of longer payment periods (such as quarterly); and 
• graduated STP onboarding. 

The following graph presents data from consecutive releases to highlight the impact of revisions for this cohort (as applied in consecutive releases). 

The ABS is currently investigating methods to reduce the future level of revisions in this series.

In the 28 April 2021 release, the period over which historical imputation (for employees assumed to be terminated) is removed was changed to better account for lags in business reporting and differing pay frequencies. Previously, if an employee received no payment after 3 pay periods, historical imputation was removed for the previous 2 pay periods. From this release, while forward imputation still ends after 3 pay periods, the imputed data remains in place for 8 pay periods. This method change has resulted in the reinstatement of some imputation in earlier time periods, causing differing levels of revision in the time series although week on week change remains similar. Some component indexes (such as industry) may see greater variation in revisions at different time points due to the contribution of dominant pay frequencies. For more information on the dominant pay frequency of industries, see the Imputation section of How data are processed.

As new businesses commence reporting through STP, the ABS determines when the business appears in the dataset for the first time and distributes the year to date jobs and wages across all past payment periods for the current financial year. This ensures that weekly estimates best reflect change in the labour market over time through payment activities, rather than changes in the uptake of STP reporting by the businesses. This approach necessitates revisions across the time series. From the 19 January 2021 release, the method used to backcast data for new reporters was adjusted to ensure that it better reflects when wages were actually paid.

Similarly, there can be a delay for new employees to appear in the STP data. By analysing the data over time, the ABS determined that a coverage adjustment was needed. This adjustment is only applied to the last week of estimates in each release.

Wage estimates are subject to a higher degree of reporting variability (due to seasonal variation in payments, changes in working hours and overtime) and revisions than the payroll jobs estimates. While the ABS accounts for employees being paid with different frequencies (weekly, fortnightly etc.) there are points in the year when additional reporting activity is more common, which may flow through to published estimates. 

Reduced wages which are observed through May 2020 (and are more pronounced in COVID-19 impacted industries) may reflect a combination of:

• reduced wages being paid by COVID-19 affected employers, who may also have reduced hours over the period - particularly for jobs that weren't eligible for JobKeeper support,
• seasonal changes in wages (including bonus payments), and
• potential payroll reporting changes for some employers during May 2020. This could include changes to payment frequency or payment categorisation, both of which could affect the imputation methodology and how payments are effectively apportioned onto an accruals basis.

The first 'JobKeeper' payments were received by employers in the first week of May 2020. JobKeeper monies paid to employees through STP-enabled payrolls are incorporated into the wages index. Further information on the treatment of JobKeeper in ABS economic statistics can be found in Economic measurement during COVID-19: Selected issues in the Economic Accounts, May 2020. 

The dynamic nature of STP data can result in revisions to payroll jobs and wages indexes, caused by the re-submission of payroll data for historical pay periods (including prior financial years) by STP-enabled businesses. When re-submission results in an update to payroll jobs and wages levels at the index base reference period (of 14 March 2020), a revision across the index time series in component indexes may be observed.

These estimates are presented as an ‘original’ data series, and do not include seasonally adjusted or trend data time series found in other labour statistics releases (e.g. Labour Force). 

STP is a relatively new program (and data source). Generally, three to five years of data are required before good seasonally adjusted data can be produced, hence it is not yet possible to produce a seasonally adjusted series (with seasonal elements removed) or trend series (with both the seasonal elements and irregular fluctuations removed). This means that variations in these estimates may reflect COVID-19 related impacts in the economy in addition to seasonal changes in the labour market.

Examples of seasonal characteristics which may be observed in the data include:

• High degree of seasonal change in the payroll jobs and wages data from November to February. Summer is a period of pronounced seasonality in Australia, with considerable labour market activity before Christmas, and a combination of public holidays, school holidays and lower business activity in the period after Christmas.
• Bonuses, which may be paid at any time during the year but often have an industry prevalence, e.g. bonus payments are more prevalent in the Mining and Financial and insurance services industries in March and September than other industries.
• Public and school holidays around Easter where variation in employment activity may affect payroll jobs and the level of wages paid.

STP data is linked to other information held by the ABS to derive demographic and business characteristics such as age group, sex, geography and industry. If a specific characteristic cannot be linked or derived, and does not appear on the STP file, it is assigned an 'unknown' category (for that characteristic).

Records with 'unknown' characteristics are included in the calculation of index totals for that category. As 'total' and 'component' indexes are calculated independently, the inclusion of records with 'unknown' characteristics in a 'total' index can result in independent movement from 'component' indexes. For example, the ‘total’ index of Persons is calculated from the combined levels of Males, Females and 'unknown’ (persons for whom a Male/Female sex cannot be determined). As a result, the Persons index can move independently from Male and Female indexes, which do not include ‘unknown’ persons. While the proportion of unknown characteristics vary by characteristic, their impact will be compounded in components of finer indexes (such as in State and territory by sex by age group).

Since the 19 January 2021 release, business data with an ‘unknown’ industry characteristics have been included in all index calculations (with the exception of industry indexes as the characteristic is ‘unknown’). These data were previously excluded from the total payroll jobs and total wages time series. 

STP data does not include information on hours worked or hours paid for. Analysis of monthly hours worked can be found in Labour Force, Australia, and Labour Force, Australia, Detailed. STP data are also unable to account for job attachment where a payment has not been made, where a jobholder was temporarily stood down without pay.

The estimates do not include information on the employment status of employees, i.e. full time or part time. This will be explored as part of ongoing work between the ABS and the ATO. In the interim, this information is also available within the suite of Labour Force releases.

STP data is supplied by the ATO to the ABS under the Taxation Administration Act 1953, which requires that such data is only used for the purposes of administering the Census and Statistics Act 1905. Any discussion of data limitations or weaknesses is made within the context of using the data for statistical purposes, and is not related to the ability of the data to support the ATO's core operational requirements.

These estimates also include Australian Business Register (ABR) data supplied by the Registrar to the ABS under A New Tax System (Australian Business Number) Act 1999, which requires that such data is only used for the purpose of carrying out functions of the ABS. Any discussion of data limitations or weaknesses is in the context of using the data for statistical purposes, and is not related to the ability of the data to support the ABR’s core operational requirements.

The ABS would like to acknowledge the critical support from the Australian Taxation Office (ATO) in enabling the ABS to produce these statistics.

Week ending 10 April 2021

• Historical imputation - period over which historical imputation is removed for terminated employees changed from 3 to 8 pay periods.

Week ending 27 March 2021

• Update of jobholder characteristics - Client Register snapshot update to sex, age and geography variables

Week ending 30 January 2021

• Imputation update - to deliver a reduced magnitude of future revisions, particularly in the most recent week's data

Week ending 16 January 2021

• Age derivation update - a person is aged at the start of their birthday month instead of redefining age each reference week

Week ending 2 January 2021

• Update of characteristics variables - Employers with unknown industry included in estimates, as noted in Data limitations and revisions

Week ending 14 November 2020

• Week on week revisions - persons aged 15 years excluded from the under 20s age group

Recording wages when they are earned, accrued or incurred regardless of when payment is made or received.

A register of all Australian businesses and organisations maintained by the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) for the purpose of producing statistical frames and business demography outputs. It contains identifying and classificatory data for each business and organisation.

Information to populate the ABS Business Register is largely sourced from the Australian Business Register.

The ABS Business Register consists of two subpopulations, the profiled population and the non-profiled population. The ABS Business Register uses an economic units model to describe the characteristics of businesses and the structural relationships between related businesses.

A unique identifier. To be entitled to an Australian Business Number (ABN), an organisation must be one or more of the following:

• a company registered under the Corporations Act 2001
• an entity carrying on an enterprise in Australia
• a government entity
• a non-profit sub-entity for Goods and Services Tax purposes
• a superannuation fund.
   

A non-resident entity may be entitled to an ABN if they are carrying on an enterprise in Australia and/or, in the course of carrying on an enterprise, the entity makes sales that are connected with Australia.

The data store containing details about businesses and organisations that have registered for an Australian Business Number. More information can be found on the ABR website.

A register of persons that have interacted with the Australian Tax Office (ATO) and have been issued with an Australian Tax File Number (TFN). The ATO person-level Client Register comprises demographic information such as sex, date of birth, and residential address.

Recording the wage payment in the pay period when the payment was received by the employee.

Commencement and termination dates associated with each job as reported through Single Touch Payroll.

Persons who work for a private or public sector employer, where the employee has received payment in the reference week through Single Touch Payroll (STP) enabled software and reported to the Australian Taxation Office (ATO).

An organisation with an Australian Business Number that provides employment income to one or more people, and reports through the ATO STP system.

Based on residential address as sourced from either the ATO Client Register or STP data. See also Statistical area entries. For more information, see the Australian Statistical Geography Standard (ASGS): Volume 1 – Main Structure and Greater Capital City Statistical Areas.

A homogenous grouping of economic activities undertaken to produce goods and services. The Australian and New Zealand Standard Industrial Classification is used to classify an entity to an industry based on its dominant activity.

The broadest grouping of industries within the Australian and New Zealand Standard Industrial Classification. The main purpose of the industry division level is to provide a limited number of categories, which give a broad overall picture of the economy. There are 19 mutually exclusive divisions. For more information see the Australian and New Zealand Standard Industrial Classification.

The second broadest grouping of industries within the Australian and New Zealand Statistical Industrial Classification. Industry subdivisions are built up from the industry groups which, in turn, are built up from industry classes. For more information see the Australian and New Zealand Standard Industrial Classification.

See payroll job.

Statistic is not available. This can be to protect the confidentiality of data providers or to prevent misinterpretation of statistics due to poor quality.

A person who operates their own unincorporated enterprise, which does not possess a separate legal identity to that of its owner(s), or engages independently in a profession or trade.

OMUEs can also be referred to as self-employed. Owner managers of unincorporated enterprises are not included in these estimates as they are not in scope of STP-enabled software reporting to the ATO.

Unincorporated enterprises are further defined in the Standard Economic Sector Classifications of Australia.

A payroll job is a relationship between an employee and their employing enterprise, where the employee is paid in the reference week through STP-enabled payroll or accounting software and reported to the ATO. Where an employee is paid other than weekly, the established payment pattern is used to identify jobs in weeks outside the payment week.

The Single Touch Payroll (STP) system sends taxation and superannuation information from a business' STP-enabled payroll or accounting software to the ATO as a business runs its payroll.

Self reported sex (i.e. male/ female) of a person as reported through the ATO taxation system. Categories other than male or female are not published separately in this release but are included in published totals.

Statistical area level 3 (SA3) regions are designed to provide a regional breakdown of Australia. They generally have a population of between 30,000 and 130,000 people. In regional areas, SA3s represent the area serviced by regional cities that have a population over 20,000 people. In the major cities, SA3s represent the area serviced by a major transport and commercial hub. They often closely align to large urban Local Government Areas (e.g. Gladstone, Geelong). In outer regional and remote areas, SA3s represent areas which are widely recognised as having a distinct identity and similar social and economic characteristics.

Statistical area level 4 (SA4) regions are specifically designed to reflect labour markets within each state and territory within population limits. In regional areas, SA4s tend to have lower populations (100,000 to 300,000), while in metropolitan areas, SA4s tend to have larger populations (300,000 to 500,000).

The statistical unit for more significant and diverse businesses in the profiled population. A type of activity unit (TAU) is a constructed unit that can practically group and report on homogenous production activities at the industry sub-division level.

In this publication, the TAU is used to represent employers in the profiled population.

All legal entities on the ABS Business Register are classified according to their type of legal organisation, of which there are three types:

• incorporated private sector entities
• unincorporated private sector entities
• public sector entities.
   

The type of legal organisation indicates whether a business is part of the private or public sector and the type of ownership structure. For more information see the Standard Economic Sector Classifications of Australia.

Wages include salary payments and allowances, labour hire payments and foreign income, as well as the value of payments in kind (where a fringe benefit amount is recorded). Bonuses are typically included where they are reported in the same field as normal payments. Wages are calculated as gross amounts, prior to taxation and deductions.

Wages exclude payments to employee's superannuation as well as severance and termination payments. Wages are only available for payroll jobs and do not include income from own businesses or other sources.