Monthly Employee Earnings Indicator methodology

Most businesses included on the ABSBR are in the non-profiled population. These businesses usually have simple structures that are suitable for ABS statistical purposes at the ABN level. Businesses included in the non-profiled population have homogeneous activity (i.e., operate predominantly in one industry sub-division), however, they can have large employment.  For the non-profiled population, one ABN equates to one business.

For some businesses, the ABN unit is not suitable for ABS economic statistics purposes. The ABS maintains its own economic units structure through direct contact with businesses and these businesses constitute the profiled population which consists of large, complex and diverse groups of businesses. This population is represented by Type of Activity Units (TAUs) which consist of one or more business entities, sub entities or branches of a business that can be grouped according to production activity and can report a minimum set of data items. These TAUs are classified according to the industry of the main activity. The relationship between TAUs and their associated legal entities (ABNs) may be one-to-one, many-to-one, or one-to-many.

In the MEEI, the statistical unit that captures the employing activity consists of ABNs from the non-profiled population and TAUs from the profiled population. Each statistical unit is classified to its state or territory, industry and employment size according to information sourced from the ABSBR.

State and territory geography reflects a business’ employing locations, not the residential address of their employees.

The initial transformation step, “calendarisation” converts transactions to daily pay events for individual employees allowing the data to be aggregated to a calendar month period.

This transformation is required as STP data are reported on a cash basis (the time when the payment was made) rather than an accrual basis (the time when the payment was earned). Production of real time estimates of labour market activity require the conversion of STP data from its cash basis to an accrual basis. The “calendarisation” method breaks down all records to a common period (daily) enabling data to be aggregated to calendar month reference periods.

There are some types of payments that cannot be attributed to a defined pay cycle period, such as backpay, hence these payments are shown when the pay event occurred.

The STP reporting year is based on the July – June financial year. Within any given reference month, STP reporting may be incomplete for a range of reasons including, but not limited to: 

• different business reporting habits,
• different pay cycle period reporting.

It has been observed that STP data for each month in a given financial year can be revised by updated STP data beyond the conclusion of that financial year.

Imputation is a form of jobholder level non-response adjustment, applied to account for partially reported and/or lagged reporting. 

Imputation extends a jobholder's daily rate to the end of the relevant reference period and is only applied:

• to the end of the reference month of the jobholder’s latest pay event, where it does not extend to the end of the reference month, and they do not have a termination date and/or termination payment. 
• for jobholders where a regular payment pattern can be determined. 
• across the latest 3 reference months (for example, the January, February and March 2024 reference months in the May 2024 release). 
• to in scope earnings payments (wages and salaries). Other earnings payments such as lump sum leave are not imputed.

Employers who did not report to STP for any employees during a reference month are not imputed and are instead accounted for during the weight adjustment process.

In this release, the imputation method has been refined and updated. The updated method produces more accurate estimates across the imputation window (the latest 3 months) and reduces the subsequent revisions as imputation is removed. Refinements in the imputation method targeted over-imputation associated with:

• casual and temporary employees
• erroneous pay events (e.g. one weeks wages in a single day pay event)
• one-off and lump sum payments.

For information on the previous imputation method, see Monthly Employee Earnings Indicator methodology, April to September 2023.

In this release, the imputation rate for March 2024 is 0.47%.

Imputation relating to new employees

No imputation is applied for new employees (related to existing or new employers) without historical payment information, until a pattern can be determined. This means that there can be a lag before a new employee contributes to the estimates (after their initial pay period). The lag is longer for new jobs with employers that have less frequent payment and reporting periods. No adjustment is applied to account for this new job lag.

Once calendarisation and imputation are applied, the employee level data for the reference period is aggregated to the ABN used by the employer for STP reporting. This forms the core employer level data that are transformed to statistical unit level data.

For the non-profiled population (that is, businesses with a simple structure), the ABN is directly mapped to the statistical unit.

For the profiled population (that is, businesses with a complex structure), there can be many ABNs and the mapping of employer level data to the statistical unit is more complex. ABN level data is aggregated to the highest level of the ABS economic units model, the Enterprise Group (EG). The EG level data are then apportioned into one or more TAUs using a proration factor based on total Business Activity Statement wages and salaries and ABSBR employment.

All wages and salaries for statistical units in the non-profiled population (or ABN units) are attributed to the main state of operation of that business, regardless of business operations in more than one state or territory. For complex businesses (or TAUs) the employee earnings are further attributed to each state and/or territory in which they operate.

Statistical units are stratified by state, industry and employment size. When employing businesses do not report to STP in a reference month (i.e., full non-response), an employer level non-response adjustment (weighting) is applied to the data received from responding businesses to fully account for the employee earnings of the target population of all employing businesses.

Revisions are a change to a previously published value and may arise due to a variety of reasons. They can reflect both the complexity of measurement, and the need to balance precision and timeliness to maximise the utility of the indicator.

The magnitude of revisions will vary between reference periods and may relate to one or more of the following factors:

• updates in the STP data including receipt of updated, more complete or resubmitted data
• removal of previously imputed data
• changes in implemented methods or processes
• changes in historical data adjustments.

When comparing the change in wages and salaries paid by employers between any two periods, interpretation can be complicated by variation in its composition.

Aggregate estimates in this release are compiled from over 11 million jobs and movements can include changes in composition (which are not quantified), unlike the ABS Wage Price Index which presents changes in the price of labour unaffected by compositional shifts in the labour force, hours worked or employee characteristics.

Variability in wages and salaries paid by employers between reference periods may be due to: 

• variations in demand for casual staff
• changes in hours worked
• payment of penalty rates for public holidays
• the inclusion of cyclical payments such as bonuses, commissions or lump sum payment of leave loading
• the inclusion of irregular payments such as overtime, ad hoc or one-off payments relating to employee recognition or enterprise agreement sign-on
• changes in the underlying composition of the business population (birth of new and/or closure of businesses) or changes in their characteristics.

Compositional change can differ between industries and states and territories, particularly when there are localised labour market challenges.

These estimates are presented as an ‘original’ data series, and do not include seasonally adjusted or trend data time series found in other labour statistics releases (e.g. Labour Force, Australia). 

STP is a relatively new program (and data source). Generally, three to five years of data are required before good seasonally adjusted data can be produced, hence it is not yet possible to produce a seasonally adjusted series (with seasonal elements removed) or trend series (with both the seasonal elements and irregular fluctuations removed). This means that variations in these estimates may reflect seasonal changes in the labour market in addition to other labour market shocks (such as COVID-19 related impacts) in the economy.

Seasonal characteristics may be seen:

• around national public holidays, where increases in the wages and salaries paid by employers may be evident in industries where penalty rates are paid.
• ahead of the Christmas period, where considerable labour market activity in a range of industries can temporarily increase the number of employees paid and/or hours worked.
• across school holiday periods, where some industries experience lower business activity. This is particularly pronounced in the holiday period after Christmas in the payroll job estimates of the Weekly Payroll Jobs release, and may result in a decrease in the wages and salaries paid by employers in some industries.
• in industries where periodic bonuses are paid. While bonuses may be paid at any time during the year, they often have an industry pattern. For example, the effect of bonus payments is usually seen in around February/March and August/September in the Mining industry and in September in the Financial and insurance services industry.

February 2024 had 29 days, given 2024 was a leap year. This slightly reduces the calendar adjusted February monthly earnings estimates for employees, reflecting the fact that those employees who were paid a fixed monthly salary will have been paid that amount in respect of 29 days, rather than 28 days.  

In a non-leap year, the calendar adjustment process divides February wages and salaries paid by employers by 28 to acquire a daily rate to enable calculation of the ‘average calendar adjusted month amount’. However, in a leap year, February wages and salaries paid by employers are divided by 29 in the calculation.

For employees who have a fixed number of days in a pay period, such as a week or fortnight, this recalculation accounts for the additional day in February. However, for jobholders paid a fixed amount each month, regardless of the number of days in the calendar month (i.e. such as salaried employees whose monthly pay is one twelfth of their annual salary), the calculation for February in a leap year results in a slightly lower daily rate than in a non-leap year. 

Employees paid monthly represent approximately 20% of the estimate of total wages and salaries paid by employers and their distribution varies across industries (see the pay frequency by industry graph in the imputation section of the Weekly Payroll Jobs methodology).

The following tables provide a simple illustrative example of a hypothetical employee who earns $8,000 per month, to demonstrate this effect.

This introduces a leap year effect on calendar-adjusted estimates, which presents as weaker growth between January and February 2024, and stronger growth between February and March 2024. In the total wages and salaries paid by employers, this equates to around -0.7 percentage points lower month change for February 2024 and around +0.8 percentage points higher month change for March 2024.

Users should consider the influence of the leap year effect when comparing change between January and February 2024, February and March 2024, and annual change between February 2023 and February 2024, to non-leap years. For more detail on calendar adjustment see How the data is transformed.

Each year, wages and salaries data during June and July see increased variability in employer reporting, due to:

• a reset of the financial year in payroll systems, and
• employers finalising their year to date employee earnings information.

These factors can translate to a higher variability in estimates over this period, as well as larger revisions in subsequent releases.

Imputation is only applied in the latest 3 reference months and no imputation is held in prior reference months. As the imputation window moves forward in time with each new reference month, the interpretation of change between consecutive reference months (where imputation is or is not applied) can be affected by imputation rolling out. 

For example, in this release, only the January to March 2024 reference periods include imputation. Month change calculated between December 2023 and January 2024 will be slightly different while imputation is present in January 2024 to that calculated in subsequent releases when imputation is no longer present in January 2024. Subsequent revisions from updated STP data and imputation rolling out may result in revisions in the estimate of month change for January 2024 of -/+0.3 percentage points.  

The updated imputation method in this release has reduced the amount of imputation applied each month and therefore the magnitude of any impact as it rolls out.

The following graph highlights the difference in revision rates when imputation rolled out of the September 2023 wages and salaries estimate. The updated imputation method produced a much lower level of revision and a reduced impact on the interpretation of month change between consecutive months across the imputation period.

While the impact of imputation rolling out is small, users should note that the effect varies across classifications (state/territory, industry, employment size and sector) and between months, as imputation is applied at an employee level. For more detail on the imputation method, see How the data is transformed.

Percentage change movements within this release are calculated from rounded level estimates.

The accuracy of these estimates may be subject to the following sources of error:

• Conceptual misalignment - the Australian tax system is purpose-built and complex, and in some cases, it is difficult to determine how a particular STP item should be used to describe impact on wages and salaries. While all care is taken, some income items are subject to this type of validity error. Coherence with other sources indicates that this has a low impact on the aggregates.
• Reporting error - this is likely to be present in both employee and employer information used. Given the magnitude of STP records submitted every month, a significance approach is taken to identify and adjust for reporting errors that have a significant effect on high level aggregate estimates. Some reporting errors will remain. These errors are considered to have a low impact on the aggregate series and may be corrected in subsequent employer reporting.
• Lag in business characteristic updates - the ABSBR receives updated information when a business entity reports changes to either the Australian Business Register or the ATO, such as new registration, revised classificatory information, or when the business entity reports changes in its business structure or activity. These reporting changes can impact upon the business entity’s industry classification (ANZSIC), geographic classification (state or territory) and to a lessor extent its institutional classification (public/private sector). There may be a delay between the real world timing of these changes, and the update of this information in these statistics.  

Employer (or business) characteristics are updated with each quarterly frame and are held constant between quarterly frames.

When changes in the characteristics of businesses such as industry, state and territory and/or employment size occur, there may be some visible impacts at the transition point in the reference months where frame information is updated (January, April, July, October) due to the difference between the consecutive frames. 

In these reference months, some changes may relate to changes in the businesses population which relate to business structure or characteristics updates from the ABSBR. These Business Register changes cannot be separated in the estimates.

The timing of these changes relate to when an update occurred on the ABSBR and may not align with the timing of a real world events. There is usually a lag (of at least one quarter) between a real world change and ABSBR updates.

In limited circumstances, the ABS will adjust estimates with respect to frame changes, where they were due to frame errors (such as misclassified industry) and the impact to estimates is considered significant.

Recording wages when they are earned, accrued or incurred regardless of when payment is made or received.

The percentage movement of wages and salaries paid by employers between the reference month and the same month in the previous year.

A register of all Australian businesses and organisations maintained by the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) for the purpose of producing statistical frames and business demography outputs. It contains identifying and classificatory data for each business and organisation.

Information to populate the ABSBR is largely sourced from the Australian Business Register.

The ABSBR consists of two subpopulations, the profiled population and the non-profiled population. The ABSBR uses an economic units model to describe the characteristics of businesses and the structural relationships between related businesses.

A unique identifier. To be entitled to an Australian Business Number (ABN), an organisation must be one or more of the following:

• a company registered under the Corporations Act 2001
• an entity carrying on an enterprise in Australia
• a government entity
• a non-profit sub-entity for Goods and Services Tax purposes
• a superannuation fund.

A non-resident entity may be entitled to an ABN if they are carrying on an enterprise in Australia and/or, in the course of carrying on an enterprise, the entity makes sales that are connected with Australia.

The data store containing details about businesses and organisations that have registered for an Australian Business Number. More information can be found on the ABR website.

Recording the wage payment in the pay period when the payment was received by the employee.

Persons who work for a private or public sector employer, where the employee has received payment in the reference month through Single Touch Payroll (STP) enabled software and reported to the Australian Taxation Office (ATO).

An organisation with an Australian Business Number that provides employment income to one or more people, and reports through the ATO STP system.

The grouping of businesses based on employment benchmarks sourced from the ABSBR.

An institutional unit covering all the operations within Australia's economic territory of legal entities under common control. Control is defined in Corporations legislation. Majority ownership is not required for control to be exercised. An enterprise group may have one or more TAUs.

Based on a business’ employing locations sourced from the ABR or STP data.

A homogenous grouping of economic activities undertaken to produce goods and services. The Australian and New Zealand Standard Industrial Classification is used to classify an entity to an industry based on its dominant activity.

The broadest grouping of industries within the Australian and New Zealand Standard Industrial Classification. The main purpose of the industry division level is to provide a limited number of categories, which give a broad overall picture of the economy. There are 19 mutually exclusive divisions. For more information see the Australian and New Zealand Standard Industrial Classification.

The percentage movement of wages and salaries paid by employers between consecutive reference months. 

The vast majority of businesses included on the ABSBR are in the non-profiled population. Most of these businesses have simple structures that are suitable for ABS statistical purposes at the Australian Business Number (ABN) level. For the non-profiled population, one ABN equates to one business.

For a small number of businesses, the ABN unit is not suitable for ABS economic statistics purposes and the ABS maintains its own economic units structure through direct contact with businesses. These businesses constitute the profiled population and are represented by Type of Activity Units (TAUs). This population consists of large, complex and diverse groups of businesses (known as enterprise groups).

The Public/Private classification divides the economy into two sectors: Public (government units and units controlled by government); and Private (all other units). For more information, see the Standard Economic Sector Classifications of Australia (SESCA) release.

The Single Touch Payroll (STP) system sends taxation and superannuation information from a business' STP-enabled payroll or accounting software to the ATO as a business runs its payroll.

Termination dates associated with each employee as reported through Single Touch Payroll.

A TAU consists of one or more business entities, sub entities or branches of a business that can be grouped according to production activity, and can report a minimum set of data items. TAUs are classified according to the industry of their main activity. The relationship between TAUs and their associated legal entities (ABNs) may be one-to-one, many-to-one, or one-to-many.

Wages and salaries include wages, salary payments and allowances, labour hire payments and foreign income, as well as the value of payments in kind (where a fringe benefit amount is recorded). Bonuses are typically included where they are reported in the same field as normal payments. Wages are calculated as gross amounts, prior to taxation and deductions.

Wages exclude payments to employee's superannuation as well as severance and termination payments.