Education and Work, Australia methodology

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Reference period

May 2022

Released

10/11/2022

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Overview

The Survey of Education and Work (SEW) is conducted in May as a supplement to the monthly Labour Force Survey (LFS).

The SEW provides annual information on educational participation and attainment of people aged 15-74 years.

The annual time series allows for ongoing monitoring of the level of education of Australia's population including:

current and previous study
type of educational institution attended
highest year of school completed
level and field of highest non-school qualification
engagement in education and work
selected characteristics of apprentices and trainees.

The publication Labour Force, Australia contains information about:

scope and coverage
collection method
sample design
weighting and estimation
definitions of demographic and labour force characteristics.

Concepts, sources, and methods

The conceptual framework used in Australia's LFS aligns closely with the standards and guidelines set out in Resolutions of the International Conference of Labour Statisticians. Descriptions of the underlying concepts and structure of Australia's labour force statistics, and the sources and methods used in compiling these estimates, are presented in Labour Statistics: Concepts, Sources and Methods, Feb 2018.

In July 2014, the LFS survey questionnaire underwent a number of developments. For further information see Labour Force, Australia methodology, May 2022.

Data collection

Scope

The scope of the SEW is restricted to people aged 15-74 years and excludes the following:

members of the permanent defence forces
certain diplomatic personnel of overseas governments, customarily excluded from the Census of Population and Housing and estimated resident populations
overseas residents in Australia (intending to stay less than 12 months)
members of non-Australian defence forces (and their dependants)
people in institutionalised special dwellings (e.g. patients in hospitals, residents of retirement homes, residents of homes for people with disabilities, inmates of prisons)
Indigenous communities
boarding school pupils.

Additional information:

Boarding school pupils have been excluded since 2005.
Since 2009, people living in 'very remote' areas who are not in Indigenous communities have been included. Prior to 2009, all people living in 'very remote' parts of Australia were excluded. Nationally, less than 1% of people in scope of SEW live in 'very remote' areas that are not Indigenous Communities. In the Northern Territory, this proportion is higher, at around 8%.
In 2013, the scope included all people aged 65-74 years for the first time. From 2009 to 2012, people aged 65-74 years who were in the labour force, or were marginally attached to the labour force were included.
Persons who are permanently unable to work were included for the first time in 2013.

Coverage

In the LFS, coverage rules are applied which aim to ensure that each person is associated with only one dwelling and has only one chance of selection in the survey. See Labour Force, Australia for more details.

Data from the SEW is available by State, Greater Capital City Statistical Area, Section of State, Remoteness area and Statistical Area Level 4, subject to confidentiality constraints. Geography has been classified according to the Australian Statistical Geography Standard (ASGS), July 2016. For a list of these publications see the ABS Geography Publications page.

Collection method

Information was collected from respondents over a two week period in May.

The data were collected through interviews, conducted either:

face-to-face
over the telephone, or
respondents were able to provide their information over the internet via a self-completed form.

All information in the survey was obtained from any person in the household aged 15 years or over (known as Any Responsible Adult). The responsible person was asked to respond on behalf of all people in the household in scope of the survey. If they were unable to supply all of the details for another individual in the household, a personal interview was conducted with that particular individual.

Estimates are based on information collected in May of the survey year. Thus, they may not be representative of other months of the year. Seasonal factors such as school terms, semesters, or intake periods for other qualifications) may impact the results.

Response rates

The LFS receives a high level of co-operation from individuals in selected dwellings. For the duration of the COVID-19 pandemic, due to the suspension of face to face interviews in late April 2020, the ABS had moved to a level target of response. The target response was 23,212 fully responding households. This level was achieved in May 2022. See Labour Force, Australia methodology, May 2022.

Processing the data

Weighting

As only a sample of people were surveyed, their results needed to be converted into estimates for the whole population. This was done with a process called weighting.

Each person was given a number (known as a weight) to reflect how many people they represented in the whole population.
A person's initial weight was based on their probability of being selected in the sample. For example, if the probability of a person being selected in the survey was 1 in 300, then the person would have an initial weight of 300 (that is, they represent 300 people).

Benchmarks

After calculating the initial person weights, an adjustment was incorporated into the weighting for persons to account for all persons in the population.

The person weights were separately calibrated to independent estimates of the in-scope population, referred to as ‘benchmarks’. The benchmarks used additional information about the population to ensure that:

people in the sample represented people who were similar to them
the survey estimates reflected the distribution of the whole population, not the sample.

The survey was benchmarked to the estimated resident population (ERP) aged 15-74 years living in private dwellings and non-institutionalised special dwellings in each state and territory. People living in Indigenous communities were excluded.

Estimation

Survey estimates of counts of persons are obtained by summing the weights of persons with the characteristic of interest.

Accuracy

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Reliability of estimates

Two types of error are possible in estimates based on a sample survey:

non-sampling error
sampling error

Non-sampling error

Non-sampling error is caused by factors other than those related to sample selection. It is any factor that results in the data values not accurately reflecting the true value of the population.

It can occur at any stage throughout the survey process. Examples include:

selected people that do not respond (e.g. refusals, non-contact)
questions being misunderstood
responses being incorrectly recorded
errors in coding or processing the survey data

Sampling error

Sampling error is the expected difference that can occur between the published estimates and the value that would have been produced if the whole population had been surveyed. Sampling error is the result of random variation and can be estimated using measures of variance in the data.

Standard error

One measure of sampling error is the standard error (SE). There are about two chances in three that an estimate will differ by less than one SE from the figure that would have been obtained if the whole population had been included. There are about 19 chances in 20 that an estimate will differ by less than two SEs.

Relative standard error

The relative standard error (RSE) is a useful measure of sampling error. It is the SE expressed as a percentage of the estimate:

\(\normalsize R S E \%=\left(\frac{S E}{e s t i m a t e}\right) \times 100\)

Only estimates with RSEs less than 25% are considered reliable for most purposes. Estimates with larger RSEs, between 25% and less than 50% have been included in the publication, but are flagged to indicate they are subject to high SEs. These should be used with caution. Estimates with RSEs of 50% or more have also been flagged and are considered unreliable for most purposes. RSEs for these estimates are not published.

Margin of error for proportions

Another measure of sampling error is the Margin of Error (MOE). This describes the distance from the population value that the sample estimate is likely to be within and is particularly useful to understand the accuracy of proportion estimates.

The MOE is specified at a given level of confidence. Confidence levels typically used are 90%, 95% and 99%. For example, at the 95% confidence level, the MOE indicates that there are about 19 chances in 20 that the estimate will differ by less than the specified MOE from the population value (the figure obtained if the whole population had been enumerated). The 95% MOE is calculated as 1.96 multiplied by the SE:

\(\normalsize MOE=SE \times 1.96\)

The RSE can also be used to directly calculate a 95% MOE by:

\(\normalsize {MOE}(y) \approx \frac{R S E(y) \times y}{100} \times 1.96\)

The MOEs in this publication are calculated at the 95% confidence level. This can easily be converted to a 90% confidence level by multiplying the MOE by:

\(\large \frac{1.615}{1.96}\)

or to a 99% confidence level by multiplying the MOE by:

\(\large \frac{2.576}{1.96}\)

Depending on how the estimate is to be used, a MOE of greater than 10% may be considered too large to inform decisions. For example, a proportion of 15% with a MOE of plus or minus 11% would mean the estimate could be anything from 4% to 26%. It is important to consider this range when using the estimates to make assertions about the population.

Confidence Intervals

The estimate combined with the MOE defines a range, known as a confidence interval. This range is likely to include the true population value with a given level of confidence. It is important to consider this range when using the estimates to make assertions about the population or to inform decisions. The 95% confidence interval can be calculated, as follows:

\(\normalsize \ 95\%~ Confidence~Interval=(estimate-MOE, estimate+MOE) \)

Measures of error in this release

The datacubes report the relative standard error (RSE) for estimates of counts ('000) and the margin of error (MOE) for estimates of proportions (%)(available in the Data downloads section of the main release).

Time series tables include both RSE of proportion and MOE of proportion. For years prior to 2018, MOE of proportion has been calculated using rounded figures and the result may have slightly less precision than the MOE of proportion calculated for years after 2017.

Estimates of proportions with a MOE greater than 10% are annotated to indicate they are subject to high sample variability and particular consideration should be given to the MOE when using these estimates. In addition, estimates with a corresponding standard 95% confidence interval that includes 0% or 100% are annotated to indicate they are usually considered unreliable for most purposes.

Calculating measures of error

Proportions or percentages formed from the ratio of two count estimates are also subject to sampling errors. The size of the error depends on the accuracy of both the numerator and the denominator. A formula to approximate the RSE of a proportion is given below. This formula is only valid when the numerator (x) is a subset of the denominator (y):

\(\normalsize RSE\left( {\frac{x}{y}} \right) \approx \sqrt{[R S E(x)]^{2}-[R S E(y)]^{2}} \)

When calculating measures of error, it may be useful to convert RSE or MOE to SE. This allows the use of standard formulas involving the SE. The SE can be obtained from RSE or MOE using the following formulas:

\(\normalsize SE (y)\approx \frac{{RSE(y) \times y}}{{100}}\)

\(\normalsize SE = \frac{{MOE}}{{1.96}}\)

Comparison of estimates

The difference between two survey estimates (counts or percentages) can also be calculated from published estimates. Such an estimate is also subject to sampling error. The sampling error of the difference between two estimates depends on their SEs and the relationship (correlation) between them. An approximate SE of the difference between two estimates (x - y) may be calculated by the following formula:

\(\normalsize S E(x-y) \approx \sqrt{[S E(x)]^{2}+[S E(y)]^{2}}\)

While this formula will only be exact for differences between separate and uncorrelated characteristics or sub populations, it provides a good approximation for the differences likely to be of interest in this publication.

Significance testing

When comparing estimates between surveys or between populations within a survey, it is useful to determine whether apparent differences are 'real' differences or simply the product of differences between the survey samples.

One way to examine this is to determine whether the difference between the estimates is statistically significant. This is done by calculating the standard error of the difference between two estimates (x and y) and using that to calculate the test statistic using the formula below:

\( \large \frac{|x-y|}{S E(x-y)}\ \)

where

\(\normalsize SE(y)\approx\frac{R S E(y) \times y}{100}\)

If the value of the statistic is greater than 1.96, we can say there is good evidence of a statistically significant difference at 95% confidence levels between the two populations with respect to that characteristic. Otherwise, it cannot be stated with confidence that there is a real difference between the populations.

Comparing the data

In addition to the changes listed in the 'Data collection' section, the following has information on the most significant changes when comparing data.

COVID-19

Statistics in this release are impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic and the resulting Australian Government closure of the international border from 20 March 2020. See National, state and territory population, September 2022.

Changes in net overseas migration may have impacted certain key SEW sub-populations compared to pre-pandemic releases. It is therefore recommended that proportions, rather than count estimates, are used when comparing the SEW 2022 with previous iterations.

Apprenticeship/traineeship data

Data on apprentices from previous years are not directly comparable to data from 2008 and onward:

Prior to 2008, only people aged 15-54 years were included in the apprenticeship/traineeship survey questions.
In 2008, the age scope was extended to include people aged 55-64 years and in 2009, the scope was further extended to include people aged 65-74 years.
In 2008, the definition for apprentices and trainees changed from those employed as apprentices/trainees to include only those with a formal contract under the Australian Apprenticeships scheme.

From 2020 onward, industry sector of apprenticeship/traineeship is no longer collected.

Other comparability issues

Since 2021, the age scope of several tables has increased from 15-64 years to 15-74 years. As a result, care should be taken when comparing proportions reported in equivalent tables. Lower proportions observed since 2021 may be due to a higher population in the denominator.

Revisions are made to population benchmarks for the LFS after each five-yearly Census of Population and Housing. The latest revision based on the 2016 Census of Population and Housing has been in use since November 2018. See Labour Force, Australia for more information.

Since 2014, data has been randomly adjusted to avoid the release of confidential statistics. Discrepancies may occur between sums of items and totals. See the Confidentiality section under 'Data release' for more information on perturbation.

In 2013, one quarter of the sample was offered the option to complete the survey online. From 2014, all participants were offered the option to complete the survey online. For more information see the article Transition to Online Collection of the Labour Force Survey.

As announced in the June 2012 issue of Australian Demographic Statistics, the intercensal error between the 2006 and 2011 Censuses was larger than normal due to improved methodologies used in the 2011 Census Post Enumeration Survey. The intercensal error analysis indicated that previous population estimates for the base Census years were over-counted. An indicative estimate of the size of the over-count is that there should have been 240,000 fewer people at June 2006, 130,000 fewer in 2001 and 70,000 fewer in 1996. As a result, Estimated Resident Population estimates have been revised for the last 20 years rather than the usual five. Consequently, estimates of particular populations derived since SEW 2014 may be lower than those published for previous years as the SEW estimates have not been revised. Therefore, comparisons of SEW estimates since 2014 with previous years should not be made. However, for comparable data items, comparison of rates or proportions between years is appropriate.

Comparability with other ABS surveys

Since the SEW is conducted as a supplement to the LFS, data items collected in the LFS are also available in SEW. However, differences may be found in the estimates collected in the LFS and published as part of the SEW, when comparing with estimates published in the May issue of Labour Force, Australia. This is because the scope of the SEW differs slightly to the scope of the LFS and the SEW data are weighted as a separate process to the weighting of LFS data.

From September 2016, the ABS has published education data from the LFS as part of the Labour Force publication Labour Force, Australia: Detailed. For more information on the differences between education data items in SEW and LFS see the Fact Sheet: Expanded education data from the Labour Force Survey.

Estimates from the SEW may differ from the estimates produced from other ABS collections for several reasons:

The SEW is a sample survey and its results are subject to sampling error. Results may differ from other sample surveys, which are also subject to sampling error. Users should take account of the measures of error on all published statistics where comparisons are made (refer to the 'Accuracy').
Differences may also exist in the scope and/or coverage.
Different reference periods used in the questionnaire reflecting seasonal variations, non-seasonal events that may have impacted on one period but not another, or because of underlying trends.
Whether the interview was completed over the phone or face-to-face, or the respondent completed the interview online.
Whether the information was provided by the person themselves or by someone else on their behalf.
Differences may also occur as a result from the context in which questions are asked, i.e. where in the interview the questions are asked and the nature of preceding questions. The impacts on data of different collection methodologies are difficult to quantify but every effort is made to minimise these.

Comparability with non-ABS sources

For similar reasons outlined in the section 'Comparability with other ABS surveys', estimates from the SEW may differ from estimates produced from non-ABS sources. For example, due to differences in collection objectives and definitions, student visa data are not comparable with Home Affairs data. For more information on the Migration Program and Home Affairs statistics, refer to the Department of Home Affairs website.

Data release

Datacubes/spreadsheets

Datacubes (spreadsheets) in this release are available from the 'Data Download' section of the main release. The datacubes present tables of estimates and proportions, and their associated measures of error.

Since 2021, the age scope of several tables has increased from 15-64 years to 15-74 years. As a result, care should be taken when comparing proportions reported in equivalent tables. Lower proportions observed since SEW21 may be due to a higher population in the denominator.

TableBuilder

TableBuilder microdata can be used by approved users to produce customised tables and analysis. The microdata is released through the TableBuilder product (see Microdata: Education and Work, Australia for more detail). Microdata products are designed to ensure the integrity of the data whilst maintaining the confidentiality of the respondents to the survey.

DataLab

Detailed microdata may also be available on DataLab for users who want to undertake complex analysis of microdata in the secure ABS environment. For more detail, see Microdata: Education and Work, Australia.

Custom tables

Customised statistical tables to meet individual requirements can be produced on request. These are subject to confidentiality and sampling variability constraints which may limit what can be provided. Enquiries on the information available and the cost of these services should be made through the ABS Contact us page.

Confidentiality

The Census and Statistics Act 1905 authorises the ABS to collect statistical information, and requires that information is not published in a way that could identify a particular person or organisation. The ABS must make sure that information about individual respondents cannot be derived from published data.

To minimise the risk of identifying individuals in aggregate statistics, a technique is used to randomly adjust cell values. This technique is called perturbation. Perturbation involves small random adjustment of the statistics and is considered the most satisfactory technique for avoiding the release of identifiable statistics while maximising the range of information that can be released. These adjustments have a negligible impact on the underlying pattern of the statistics. After perturbation, a given published cell value will be consistent across all tables. However, adding up cell values to derive a total will not necessarily give the same result as published totals. The introduction of perturbation in publications ensures that these statistics are consistent with statistics released via services such as Table Builder.

Glossary

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Apprentice

An apprentice is a person undertaking an apprenticeship. An apprenticeship is a structured vocational training arrangement of usually 3.5 or four years duration. The training combines practical experience at work with complementary off-the-job training through a training provider. Apprenticeships are mainly available for trade-based occupations (for example, construction, cookery, manufacturing). At the completion of the apprenticeship, a nationally recognised qualification is obtained, as well as on-the-job skills and experience. In this survey, persons who are apprentices are identified by their answer to a question specifically pertaining to a contract under the Australian Apprenticeships scheme. Students undertaking school based apprenticeships are not included.

Australian Qualifications Framework (AQF)

The AQF is the national policy for regulated qualifications in Australian education and training. It incorporates the qualifications from each education and training sector into a single comprehensive national qualifications framework. The AQF was first introduced in 1995 to underpin the national system of qualifications in Australia encompassing higher education, vocational education and training and schools.

Australian Standard Classification of Education (ASCED)

Education data are coded to the Australian Standard Classification of Education, 2001. The ASCED is a national standard classification which can be applied to all sectors of the Australian education system, including schools, vocational education and training, and higher education. It includes 'Level of education' and 'Field of education'.

Capital city

Refers to Greater Capital City Statistical Areas (GCCSA) as defined by the ASGS. The GCCSAs represent the socio-economic extent of each of the eight State and Territory capital cities. The whole of the Australian Capital Territory is included in the GCCSA. See Australian Statistical Geography Standard (ASGS): Volume 1 - Main Structure and Greater Capital City Statistical Areas, July 2016.

Completed a qualification

A person having 'completed' a qualification means they have successfully passed all of the requirements for the qualification and excludes people who have stopped studying without gaining the qualification.

Country of birth

Country of birth has been classified according to the Standard Australian Classification of Countries (SACC), Second Edition. 'Born in Australia' refers to all persons born in Australia or any of its external territories. 'Born overseas' refers to all persons not 'born in Australia', including those born at sea and persons whose country of birth is unknown.

Currently enrolled in study

Enrolled in a course of formal study for a certificate, diploma, degree or any other educational qualification, in May of the survey year.

Dependent child

Persons aged less than 15 years who have a parent/guardian in the household.

Educational institution

Any institution whose primary role is education. Included are schools, higher education establishments, colleges of technical and further education and public and private colleges.

Employed

People who, during the reference week:

worked for one hour or more for pay, profit, commission or payment in kind in a job or business, or on a farm (comprising employees, employers and own account workers); or
worked for one hour or more without pay in a family business or on a farm (i.e. contributing family workers); or
were employees who had a job but were not at work and were:
- away from work for less than four weeks up to the end of the reference week; or
- away from work for more than four weeks up to the end of the reference week and received pay for some or all of the four week period to the end of the reference week; or
- away from work as a standard work or shift arrangement; or
- on strike or locked out; or
- on workers' compensation and expected to return to their job; or
were employers or own account workers who had a job, business or farm, but were not at work.

Employed full-time

Employed people who usually worked 35 hours or more a week (in all jobs) and those who, although usually working less than 35 hours a week, worked 35 hours or more during the reference week.

Employed part-time

Employed people who usually worked less than 35 hours a week (in all jobs) and either did so during the reference week, or were not at work in the reference week.

Engagement

The term engagement is used when assessing a persons level of participation in employment and education. People can be 'Fully engaged', 'Partially engaged', or 'Not engaged'.

Employment status	Education status
Employment status	Full-time study	Part-time study	Not studying
Full-time employment	Fully engaged	Fully engaged	Fully engaged
Part-time employment	Fully engaged	Fully engaged	Partially engaged
Unemployed looking for full-time work	Fully engaged	Partially engaged	Not engaged
Unemployed looking for part-time work	Fully engaged	Partially engaged	Not engaged
Not in the labour force	Fully engaged	Partially engaged	Not engaged

Enrolled

Refers to people registered for a course of formal study in the particular reference period (e.g. survey month, or previous calendar year). This includes online or distance education and excludes any course of study that doesn't result in a formal educational qualification.

Enrolled full-time

Includes people enrolled in a course of study that is considered full-time by their institution.

Enrolled part-time

Includes people enrolled in a course of study that is not considered full-time by their institution. All apprentices and trainees are considered to be enrolled in part-time study.

Field of education

Refers to the subject matter of an educational activity. Fields of education are related to each other through the similarity of subject matter, through the broad purpose for which the education is undertaken, and through the theoretical content which underpins the subject matter. There are 12 broad fields, 71 narrow fields and 356 detailed fields of education. Where a qualification covered multiple fields (e.g. a double degree) the 'Main Field of Education ' is the field considered the most important for the survey respondent.

Field of highest educational attainment

The subject matter of the educational activity for the highest achievement a person has attained in any area of formal study. Where a qualification covered multiple fields (e.g. a double degree) the 'main field of highest educational attainment' is the field considered the most important for the survey respondent.

Field of trade

Refers to the occupation of an apprentice or trainee and is classified according to the Australian and New Zealand Standard Classification of Occupations (ANZSCO), 2013, Version 1.2.

Formal study

Formal study activities lead to a qualification recognised by the Australian Qualifications Framework (AQF) such as a Degree, Diploma or Certificate and also includes study at school. Formal study is provided in the systems of schools, colleges, universities and other institutions or organisations and is usually associated with a providing body responsible for determining the teaching method and/or curriculum, admission requirements. In this survey, if the respondent was still attending school their level of study was recorded as their current year of schooling.

Greater capital city

Refers to Greater Capital City Statistical Areas (GCCSA) as defined by the Australian Statistical Geography Standard (ASGS). The GCCSAs represent the socio-economic extent of each of the eight State and Territory capital cities. The whole of the Australian Capital Territory is included in the GCCSA. See Australian Statistical Geography Standard (ASGS): Volume 1 - Main Structure and Greater Capital City Statistical Areas, July 2016.

Higher education institution or organisation

An Australian institution providing higher education courses, e.g. universities; colleges of advanced education; institutes of advanced education; institutes of higher education; institutes of tertiary education; agricultural colleges; and some institutes of technology, and the equivalent institutions overseas.

Industry

Industry data is classified according to the Australian and New Zealand Standard Industrial Classification (ANZSIC), 2006.

International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED)

The ISCED was developed by the United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) to facilitate comparisons of education statistics and indicators within and between countries. In 2011, the second major revision of this classification was officially adopted by the UNESCO General Conference and takes into account significant changes in education systems worldwide since the previous ISCED revision in 1997. Education data were categorised from ASCED 2001 to ISCED 2011 using a concordance method. For more information, see 'Concordance between Australian Standard Classification of Education (ASCED) and International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED)', Australian Department of Education.

Level of Current Study - school/non-school

People currently attending school and also studying for a non-school qualification (outside of school studies) will have their current year of schooling and not their non-school qualification level recorded as their current level of study at the data item 26A. Level of education of study in current year. The non-school qualification level will be captured at a separate data item 26B. Level of education of non-school qualification in current year.

Similarly, for people who are attending school and studying VET as part of school studies, the level of VET will not be recorded as their current level of study (26A. Level of education of study in current year). However, the level of VET is recorded separately in the data item 53A. Level of education of VET as part of current school studies.

Level of Education

A function of the quality and quantity of learning involved in an educational activity. There are nine broad levels, 15 narrow levels and 64 detailed levels of education.

Level of highest educational attainment

Level of highest educational attainment identifies the highest achievement a person has attained in any area of formal study. It is not a measurement of the relative importance of different fields of study, but a ranking of qualifications and other educational attainments regardless of the particular area of study or the type of institution in which the study was undertaken. The derivation process determines which of the 'school' or 'non-school' attainments will be regarded as the highest. Usually the higher ranking attainment is self-evident, but in some cases some secondary education is regarded, for the purposes of obtaining a single measure, as higher than some certificate level attainments.

There are two types of measures used to determine level of highest educational attainment: 'Non-School Priority' and 'Standard Education Priority'.

'Non-School Priority' is where all non-school qualifications are considered of higher ranking than secondary education. For example, a person whose highest year of school completed was Year 12, and whose level of highest non-school qualification was a Certificate I, would have their level of highest education attainment output as Certificate I. The following decision table shows which responses to 'highest year of school completed' and 'level of highest non-school qualification' are regarded as the highest. For example, a person's level of highest educational attainment if they completed Year 12 and a Certificate III would be 'Certificate III'. However, if the same person answered 'certificate' to the highest non-school qualification question, their level of highest educational attainment would be output as 'Level not determined'.
'Standard Education Priority' is where some school qualifications are ranked higher than some non-school qualifications. For example, years 10, 11 and 12 are ranked higher than Certificates I, II and n.f.d. The Standard Education Priority was designed for the purpose of obtaining a single value for level of highest educational attainment and is not intended to convey any other hierarchy.

The following decision table shows which responses to 'highest year of school completed' and 'level of highest non-school qualification' are regarded as the highest. For example, a person's level of highest educational attainment if they completed Year 12 and a Certificate III would be 'Certificate III'. However, if the same person answered 'certificate' to the highest non-school qualification question, their level of highest educational attainment would be output as 'Level not determined'. In addition, for persons who never attended school and do not have a non-school qualification the output is 'No educational attainment'.

Decision table - Level of Highest Educational Attainment

Highest year of school completed	Level of highest non-school qualification
Highest year of school completed	Cert IV	Cert III	Cert III & IV n.f.d.	Cert II	Cert I	Cert I & II n.f.d.	Cert n.f.d.	Inadequately described L.n.d	Not Stated

Year 12	Cert IV	Cert III	Cert III & IV n.f.d.	Year 12	Year 12	Year 12	L.n.d.	L.n.d.	N.S.
Year 11	Cert IV	Cert III	Cert III & IV n.f.d.	Year 11	Year 11	Year 11	L.n.d.	L.n.d.	N.S.
Senior Sec. Education n.f.d	Cert IV	Cert III	Cert III & IV n.f.d.	Senior Sec. n.f.d.	Senior Sec. n.f.d.	Senior Sec. n.f.d.	L.n.d.	L.n.d.	N.S.
Year 10	Cert IV	Cert III	Cert III & IV n.f.d.	Year 10	Year 10	Year 10	L.n.d.	L.n.d.	N.S.
Year 9 and below	Cert IV	Cert III	Cert III & IV n.f.d.	Cert II	Cert I	Cert I & II n.f.d.	Cert n.f.d.	L.n.d.	N.S.
Sec. Education n.f.d	Cert IV	Cert III	Cert III & IV n.f.d.	L.n.d.	L.n.d.	L.n.d.	L.n.d.	L.n.d.	N.S.
Junior Sec. Education n.f.d	Cert IV	Cert III	Cert III & IV n.f.d.	L.n.d.	L.n.d.	L.n.d.	L.n.d.	L.n.d.	N.S.
Not stated	Cert IV	Cert III	Cert III & IV n.f.d.	N.S.	N.S.	N.S.	N.S.	N.S.	N.S.
Never attended school	Cert IV	Cert III	Cert III & IV n.f.d.	Cert II	Cert I	Cert I & II n.f.d.	Cert n.f.d.	L.n.d.	N.S.

Cert = Certificate
L.n.d = Level not determined
n.f.d = not further defined
N.S. = Not Stated
Sec. = Secondary

For ease of interpretability, the layout of this table has been modified from Education Variables, June 2014, however the ranking of different levels of attainment has not changed.

Level of highest non-school qualification

A person's level of highest non-school qualification is the highest qualification a person has attained in any area of formal study other than school study. It is categorised according to the Australian Standard Classification of Education (ASCED), 2001 Level of education classification.

Non-school qualification

Non-school qualifications are awarded for educational attainments other than those of pre-primary, primary or secondary education. They include qualifications at the Postgraduate Degree level, Master Degree level, Graduate Diploma and Graduate Certificate level, Bachelor Degree level, Advanced Diploma and Diploma level, and Certificates I, II, III and IV levels. School level qualifications obtained through institutions other than primary and secondary schools (such as TAFE) are not included. Non-school qualifications may be attained concurrently with school study.

Not in labour force

People who were not in the categories ‘employed’ or ‘unemployed’.

Occupation

An occupation is a collection of jobs that are sufficiently similar in their title and tasks, skill level and skill specialisation. Occupation data is classified according to the Australian and New Zealand Standard Classification of Occupations (ANZSCO), 2013, Version 1.2.

Qualification

Formal certification, issued by a relevant approved body, in recognition that a person has achieved an appropriate level of learning outcomes or competencies relevant to identified individual, professional, industry or community needs. Statements of attainment awarded for partial completion of a course of study at a particular level are excluded.

Recent study

In this survey 'recent study' and study in 'previous/last year' are used interchangeably. They refer to the enrolment in study for a qualification in the calendar year prior to the year the survey was enumerated.

Reference week

The week preceding the week in which the interview was conducted.

Remoteness

The Australian Statistical Geography Standard (ASGS) was used to define remoteness. The Remoteness Structure is described in detail in the publication Australian Statistical Geography Standard (ASGS): Volume 5 - Remoteness Structure, July 2016.

Rest of state/territory

Comprises the remainder of each state/territory not included in a Capital City. See Australian Statistical Geography Standard (ASGS): Volume 1 - Main Structure and Greater Capital City Statistical Areas, July 2016.

School-based apprenticeship or traineeship

School-based apprenticeships or traineeships are undertaken part-time while at school and combine paid employment as an apprentice or trainee, vocational training and senior secondary school studies. This is a different population to those people who are undertaking apprenticeships or traineeships through the Australian Apprenticeships scheme which are considered separately.

School leavers

People aged 15-24 years who attended school in the previous year, but were not attending school in May of the survey year. Note that these people may have been studying a school year level at a non-school institution (e.g. studying Year 12 at TAFE). In this survey, school leavers are grouped by the highest level of school completed: year 12 or equivalent, and year 11 or below.

School study

School study is participation in primary or secondary level education, regardless of the institution or location where the study is or was undertaken. It therefore includes such study undertaken in a Technical and Further Education (TAFE) or other institution.

Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM)

In this publication, the ABS has described STEM fields of education according to the definition in the Report on Australia's STEM Workforce by the Office of the Chief Scientist. This includes the Australian Standard Classification of Education (ASCED) fields of education:
01. Natural and Physical Sciences (including 0101. Mathematical Sciences)
02. Information Technology
03. Engineering and Related Technologies
05. Agriculture, Environment and Related Studies
This publication also compares these fields with the fields 04. Architecture and Building and 06. Health; which are described as STEM-related fields and are sometimes included in broader definitions of STEM.

Skill level

A function of the range and complexity of the set of tasks involved in an occupation. The greater the range and complexity of the set of tasks, the greater the skill level of the occupation. For more information, see the Occupation Standard, 2018.

Socio-Economic Indexes for Areas (SEIFA)

Socio-Economic Indexes for Areas (SEIFA) is an ABS product that ranks areas in Australia according to relative socio-economic advantage and disadvantage. The indexes are based on information from the five-yearly Census of Population and Housing. The SEIFA indexes used in this publication were created from Census 2016 data. Each index is a summary of a different subset of Census variables and focuses on a different aspect of socio-economic advantage and disadvantage. Each index ranks geographic areas across Australia in terms of their relative socio-economic advantage and disadvantage. It is therefore likely that the same area will have different ranking on each index.
The four indexes in SEIFA 2016 are:

Index of Education and Occupation (IEO)
Index of Relative Socio-economic Advantage and Disadvantage (IRSAD)
Index of Economic Resources (IER)
Index of Relative Socio-economic Disadvantage (IRSD)

For more information, refer to Census of Population and Housing: Socio-Economic Indexes for Areas (SEIFA), Australia, 2016.

Technical and Further Education (TAFE)

Refers to a Technical and Further Education institution; a registered training organisation owned and operated by a state government, or public provider of training.

Trainee

A trainee is a person undertaking a traineeship. A traineeship is similar to an apprenticeship in that it involves a training agreement between the trainee and their respective employer whereby the employer agrees to train the trainee in a specific industry, and the trainee agrees to work and learn. Traineeships usually last between nine to 48 months and cover a broader range of industries than apprenticeships (including business, trades and other industries such as retail and hospitality). At the completion of the traineeship, a nationally recognised qualification is obtained, as well as on-the-job skills and experience. In this survey, persons who are trainees are identified by their answer to a question specifically pertaining to a contract under the Australian Apprenticeships scheme.

Underemployed

Employed people aged 15 years and over who want, and are available for, more hours of work than they currently have. They comprise:

people employed part-time who want to work more hours and are available to start work with more hours, either in the reference week or in the four weeks subsequent to the survey; or
people employed full-time who worked part-time hours in the reference week for economic reasons (such as being stood down or insufficient work being available). It is assumed that these people wanted to work full-time in the reference week and would have been available to do so.

Unemployed

People aged 15 years and over who were not employed during the reference week, and:

had actively looked for full-time or part-time work at any time in the four weeks up to the end of the reference week and were available for work in the reference week; or
were waiting to start a new job within four weeks from the end of the reference week and could have started in the reference week if the job had been available then.

Year 12 or equivalent

'Year 12 or equivalent' includes overseas qualifications comparable to the Australian Year 12 level of schooling as well as other terms used to describe the final year of schooling in Australia, for example, 'Year 13', '6th Form', 'high school certificate' and 'matriculation'.

Vocational Education and Training (VET)

VET relates to education and training that aims to equip people with knowledge, skills and/or competences required in particular occupations or, more broadly, on the labour market. VET is a component of apprenticeships or traineeships, including those that are school-based. However, VET can be undertaken without also undertaking an apprenticeship or traineeship.

APA

Education and Work, Australia methodology

APA

Overview

Concepts, sources, and methods

Data collection

Scope

Coverage

Collection method

Response rates

Processing the data

Weighting

Benchmarks

Estimation

Accuracy

Show all

Reliability of estimates

Non-sampling error

Sampling error

Standard error

Relative standard error

Margin of error for proportions

Confidence Intervals

Measures of error in this release

Calculating measures of error

Comparison of estimates

Significance testing

Comparing the data

COVID-19

Apprenticeship/traineeship data

Other comparability issues

Comparability with other ABS surveys

Comparability with non-ABS sources

Data release

Datacubes/spreadsheets

TableBuilder

DataLab

Custom tables

Confidentiality

Glossary

Show all

Apprentice

Australian Qualifications Framework (AQF)

Australian Standard Classification of Education (ASCED)

Capital city

Completed a qualification

Country of birth

Currently enrolled in study

Dependent child

Educational institution

Employed

Employed full-time

Employed part-time

Engagement

Enrolled

Enrolled full-time

Enrolled part-time

Field of education

Field of highest educational attainment

Field of trade

Formal study

Greater capital city

Higher education institution or organisation

Industry

International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED)

Level of Current Study - school/non-school

Level of Education

Level of highest educational attainment

Decision table - Level of Highest Educational Attainment

Level of highest non-school qualification

Non-school qualification

Not in labour force

Occupation

Qualification

Recent study

Reference week

Remoteness

Rest of state/territory

School-based apprenticeship or traineeship

School leavers