Understanding ABS data to support the net zero transition

9 data presentations to help narrate the net zero story

Released

28/11/2024

Source

Energy Account, Australia, 2022-23 financial year

Introduction

The transition to net zero is a broad reaching global challenge, impacting the economy, society and environment. In Australia a range of policies have been introduced to help us progress towards net zero goals and support transition planning.

Wide ranging data is needed to support this transition requiring analysis across many themes. The ABS environmental economic accounts program provides data opportunities. This article explores some of the ABS energy related data that can support information needs for Australia’s Net Zero transition.

What is Net Zero?

The Australian government defines Net Zero as the broad policy plan to reduce emissions to a net result of zero by 2050 (Net Zero - DCCEEW). Net zero will be achieved when the level of greenhouse gas emissions removed from the atmosphere offset those produced by human activities.

A net zero plan has been established by the Australian Government setting out emission reduction targets and establishing sector specific plans to support investment in low emissions and renewable technologies. Legislative instruments exist to guide businesses towards net zero as well as targeted subsidies to encourage investment.

Measuring Net Zero

Net zero data requirements include greenhouse gas emissions, energy production and consumption, infrastructure investment, and household and business transition impacts, including prices.

Net zero macro-economic analysis is best served when both physical and monetary measures of the environment are on a consistent basis. The System of Environmental Economic Accounts (SEEA) (System of Environmental Economic Accounting |) is the international standard that brings both dimensions together. The SEEA uses the same concepts and classifications as the System of National Accounts (SNA), enabling the linkages with macro-economic accounts. In Australia, the SNA and SEEA guide the collection of key economic and environmental data.

Energy Accounts capture the supply and use of energy products. Energy Accounts Australia tracks the allocation of physical energy as it passes through the economy and is distributed to other businesses, households and exports. An advantage of this format is that it is consistent with the laws of thermodynamics where all energy and heat are accounted for and can thus be related to macroeconomic transactions. Energy Account Australia includes supply and use tables for all sources of energy as well as asset accounts for non-renewables.

The remainder of this article uses recent ABS data to show 9 energy related presentations that help narrate the net zero story.

The Net Zero Story

Image

Infographic showing 9 energy insights related to Australia's net zero transition

Description

An infographic showing 9 energy data insights to help narrate Australia’s net zero transition using ABS data. Insights are in sequential order and include; energy exports exceed domestic energy use, energy use starting to decouple from economic growth, businesses becoming more energy efficient, the increasing share of renewable electricity, investment in non-renewables and transmission exceeding investment in renewables infrastructure, increased energy prices, energy’s mixed impact on productivity, energy industries contribute nearly $235 billion to the economy, and coal and natural gas dominate energy exports.

Energy use

Energy exports exceed domestic energy use

The energy accounts balance the supply and use of energy. This is meaningful when considered in the three stages of energy consumption: natural inputs, transformation into energy products, and energy end uses. For example, the amount of energy supplied by the environment matches the energy extracted (used) by industry for natural inputs.

From the ABS energy accounts we can see that in 2022-23, natural inputs from non-renewable sources (20,475 petajoules (PJ)) exceeded renewable sources (522 PJ); and energy exports (17,434 PJ) exceeded industry end use (3,140 PJ), energy consumed in transformation processes (1,484 PJ), and household use (1,009 PJ). Energy from renewable sources was 2.5% of outputs from the environment in 2022-23.

Energy supply (PJ)
Year	Energy from the environment - Non-Renewable sources	Energy from the environment - Renewable sources	Energy imports	Total energy supply
2010-11	17,152	256	2,115	19,523
2011-12	17,597	258	2,143	19,997
2012-13	19,073	296	2,258	21,627
2013-14	18,409	299	2,240	20,947
2014-15	19,098	308	2,206	21,612
2015-16	20,051	322	2,258	22,631
2016-17	20,482	339	2,322	23,143
2017-18	21,770	344	2,453	24,567
2018-19	22,856	364	2,451	25,671
2019-20	22,799	385	2,274	25,458
2020-21	21,127	433	2,143	23,703
2021-22	20,166	475	2,170	22,811
2022-23	20,475	522	2,298	23,294

Source: Energy Account Australia, 2022-23

Energy use (PJ)
Year	Industry use	Household use	Change in energy inventories	Energy exports	Energy consumed by transformation	Total energy use
2010-11	2,767	1,044	514	13,290	1,907	19,523
2011-12	2,800	1,030	623	13,650	1,894	19,997
2012-13	2,828	1,036	478	15,491	1,795	21,627
2013-14	2,851	1,014	-340	15,686	1,737	20,947
2014-15	2,752	1,031	243	15,757	1,828	21,612
2015-16	2,883	1,017	-643	17,637	1,737	22,631
2016-17	2,935	1,044	-122	17,518	1,768	23,143
2017-18	3,026	1,040	510	18,269	1,721	24,567
2018-19	3,077	1,037	314	19,530	1,713	25,671
2019-20	3,057	1,021	94	19,649	1,637	25,458
2020-21	2,925	1,013	-60	18,222	1,603	23,703
2021-22	3,009	977	-561	17,875	1,511	22,811
2022-23	3,140	1,009	227	17,434	1,484	23,294

Source: Energy Account Australia, 2022-23

Energy decoupling

Energy use is starting to decouple from economic growth

A key strategy in the net zero transition is continuing to grow the economy while reducing the economy’s reliance on energy as an input to that growth. Using 2010-11 as the base year, Australia’s real GDP growth was 31% through to 2022-23, while net energy use grew by 19%. The energy growth was driven by trade in fossil fuels, with extraction capability growing between 2010-11 and 2018-19. Post COVID-19, energy use has begun to exhibit some relative decoupling from economic growth.

Decoupling of energy from economic growth (index year=2010-11)
	Net energy use, index	GDP, Chain volume measure, index
2010-11	100	100
2011-12	102	104
2012-13	111	107
2013-14	107	109
2014-15	111	111
2015-16	116	114
2016-17	119	116
2017-18	126	119
2018-19	132	122
2019-20	130	121
2020-21	121	123
2021-22	117	128
2022-23	119	131

Decoupling of energy from economic growth (index year=2010-11)

["","Net energy use, index","GDP, Chain volume measure, index"]

[["2010-11","2011-12","2012-13","2013-14","2014-15","2015-16","2016-17","2017-18","2018-19","2019-20","2020-21","2021-22","2022-23"],[[100],[102.40000000000001],[110.8],[107.3],[110.7],[115.90000000000001],[118.5],[125.8],[131.5],[130.40000000000001],[121.40000000000001],[116.8],[119.3]],[[100],[103.90000000000001],[106.5],[109.09999999999999],[111.3],[114.09999999999999],[116.40000000000001],[119.3],[121.5],[121.2],[123.3],[127.59999999999999],[131]]]

[]

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[{"value":"0","axis_id":"0","axis_title":"Index number","axis_units":"","tooltip_units":"","table_units":"","axis_min":null,"axis_max":null,"tick_interval":null,"precision":"0","data_unit_prefix":"","data_unit_suffix":"","reverse_axis":false}]

Source: Derived from Energy Account Australia, 2022-23

Energy intensity

Businesses are becoming more energy efficient

Energy intensity reflects the amount of energy used to produce output. Energy intensity across the Australian economy decreased by over 17% between 2010-11 and 2022-23, led by commercial services (-29%), manufacturing (-16%), electricity, gas, water and waste industry (-8%) and transport (-1%). These were offset by mining (+14%) and construction (+6%), as these industries increased their energy intensity over the timeseries.

Energy intensity (index year = 2010-11)
	Total industry	Mining	Manufacturing	Electricity, gas, water and waste services	Construction	Transport, Postal and Warehousing	Commercial and services
2010-11	100	100	100	100	100	100	100
2011-12	97.2	104.4	91.4	102.5	91.2	103.6	94.9
2012-13	95.6	111.4	92.2	97.5	71.7	105.2	90
2013-14	93.8	102	95.3	95.4	70.7	102.9	90
2014-15	88.5	89.8	89.6	113.4	68.6	100.6	85.2
2015-16	90.4	96	96.1	110.8	77.8	98.6	81.8
2016-17	90	97.2	98.4	96.8	86.9	106	78.1
2017-18	90.1	98	90.5	94.9	88.2	113.8	80.3
2018-19	89.5	104.7	90.3	93.7	83.6	109.9	81.8
2019-20	88.8	103.6	93.6	96.4	90.7	108.4	79.1
2020-21	83.3	103.9	92.6	94.5	100.5	89.1	75.4
2021-22	82.3	109.6	87.4	96.2	101.1	91.7	72.7
2022-23	82.8	114.1	83.8	91.6	105.8	98.8	71

Energy intensity (index year = 2010-11)

["","Total industry","Mining","Manufacturing","Electricity, gas, water and waste services","Construction","Transport, Postal and Warehousing","Commercial and services"]

[["2010-11","2011-12","2012-13","2013-14","2014-15","2015-16","2016-17","2017-18","2018-19","2019-20","2020-21","2021-22","2022-23"],[[100],[97.200000000000003],[95.599999999999994],[93.799999999999997],[88.5],[90.400000000000006],[90],[90.099999999999994],[89.5],[88.799999999999997],[83.299999999999997],[82.299999999999997],[82.799999999999997]],[[100],[104.40000000000001],[111.40000000000001],[102],[89.799999999999997],[96],[97.200000000000003],[98],[104.7],[103.59999999999999],[103.90000000000001],[109.59999999999999],[114.09999999999999]],[[100],[91.400000000000006],[92.200000000000003],[95.299999999999997],[89.599999999999994],[96.099999999999994],[98.400000000000006],[90.5],[90.299999999999997],[93.599999999999994],[92.599999999999994],[87.400000000000006],[83.799999999999997]],[[100],[102.5],[97.5],[95.400000000000006],[113.40000000000001],[110.8],[96.799999999999997],[94.900000000000006],[93.700000000000003],[96.400000000000006],[94.5],[96.200000000000003],[91.599999999999994]],[[100],[91.200000000000003],[71.700000000000003],[70.700000000000003],[68.599999999999994],[77.799999999999997],[86.900000000000006],[88.200000000000003],[83.599999999999994],[90.700000000000003],[100.5],[101.09999999999999],[105.8]],[[100],[103.59999999999999],[105.2],[102.90000000000001],[100.59999999999999],[98.599999999999994],[106],[113.8],[109.90000000000001],[108.40000000000001],[89.099999999999994],[91.700000000000003],[98.799999999999997]],[[100],[94.900000000000006],[90],[90],[85.200000000000003],[81.799999999999997],[78.099999999999994],[80.299999999999997],[81.799999999999997],[79.099999999999994],[75.400000000000006],[72.700000000000003],[71]]]

[]

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[{"value":"0","axis_id":"0","axis_title":"Index number","axis_units":"","tooltip_units":"","table_units":"","axis_min":null,"axis_max":null,"tick_interval":null,"precision":"-1","data_unit_prefix":"","data_unit_suffix":"","reverse_axis":false}]

Source: Energy Account Australia, 2022-23

Energy mix

Share of renewable electricity is increasing

Electricity is a key factor of production for Australian economic growth. Electricity accounted for 24% of net energy end use (or what drives the non-energy generation part of the economy) in 2022-23, second only behind diesel and petrol use (44%). While electricity demand has continued to grow in line with population growth, renewables started accelerating from 2010-11 and are increasingly replacing non-renewables.

Electricity generation by source
	Non-renewable	Wind, Solar & Hydro	Total
2010-11	853	77	931
2011-12	842	75	916
2012-13	815	103	919
2013-14	791	112	902
2014-15	813	107	921
2015-16	799	123	922
2016-17	814	133	947
2017-18	811	147	959
2018-19	796	175	971
2019-20	770	201	971
2020-21	730	244	973
2021-22	694	291	985
2022-23	666	325	991

Electricity generation by source

["","Non-renewable","Wind, Solar & Hydro","Total"]

[["2010-11","2011-12","2012-13","2013-14","2014-15","2015-16","2016-17","2017-18","2018-19","2019-20","2020-21","2021-22","2022-23"],[[853],[842],[815],[791],[813],[799],[814],[811],[796],[770],[730],[694],[666]],[[77],[75],[103],[112],[107],[123],[133],[147],[175],[201],[244],[291],[325]],[[931],[916],[919],[902],[921],[922],[947],[959],[971],[971],[973],[985],[991]]]

[]

[{"value":"0","axis_id":"0","axis_title":"Year","axis_units":"","tooltip_units":"","table_units":"","axis_min":null,"axis_max":null,"tick_interval":null,"precision":"-1","data_unit_prefix":"","data_unit_suffix":"","reverse_axis":false}]

[{"value":"0","axis_id":"0","axis_title":"PJ","axis_units":"","tooltip_units":"","table_units":"","axis_min":null,"axis_max":null,"tick_interval":null,"precision":"-1","data_unit_prefix":"","data_unit_suffix":"","reverse_axis":false}]

Source: Energy Account Australia, 2022-23

Electricity infrastructure investment

Investment in non-renewables and transmission exceeds investment in renewables

Investment in renewables is accelerating, however the investment in other electricity i.e. non-renewable generation, transmission wires and poles, remains higher. The value of work completed for renewables ($1.6 billion for June 2022), quarter on quarter, was still lower than non-renewables and transmission ($2.7 billion for June 2022).

Construction work on electricity, work completed by quarter
	Value of work done; Renewable Investment; Australia	Value of work done; Other Electricity Investment; Australia
Mar-16	97	1,503
Jun-16	165	1,953
Sep-16	104	1,597
Dec-16	113	1,789
Mar-17	193	1,747
Jun-17	456	2,000
Sep-17	896	1,882
Dec-17	1,121	2,169
Mar-18	1,397	1,830
Jun-18	1,505	2,170
Sep-18	1,159	2,011
Dec-18	1,741	2,215
Mar-19	1,181	1,939
Jun-19	1,332	2,249
Sep-19	1,344	1,907
Dec-19	1,492	1,869
Mar-20	1,084	1,813
Jun-20	1,423	1,974
Sep-20	1,059	1,872
Dec-20	775	2,037
Mar-21	775	1,725
Jun-21	1,190	2,022
Sep-21	1,497	2,020
Dec-21	1,296	2,302
Mar-22	1,147	2,111
Jun-22	1,565	2,740

Construction work on electricity, work completed by quarter

["","Value of work done; Renewable Investment; Australia","Value of work done; Other Electricity Investment; Australia"]

[["Mar-16","Jun-16","Sep-16","Dec-16","Mar-17","Jun-17","Sep-17","Dec-17","Mar-18","Jun-18","Sep-18","Dec-18","Mar-19","Jun-19","Sep-19","Dec-19","Mar-20","Jun-20","Sep-20","Dec-20","Mar-21","Jun-21","Sep-21","Dec-21","Mar-22","Jun-22"],[[97],[165],[104],[113],[193],[456],[896],[1121],[1397],[1505],[1159],[1741],[1181],[1332],[1344],[1492],[1084],[1423],[1059],[775],[775],[1190],[1497],[1296],[1147],[1565]],[[1503],[1953],[1597],[1789],[1747],[2000],[1882],[2169],[1830],[2170],[2011],[2215],[1939],[2249],[1907],[1869],[1813],[1974],[1872],[2037],[1725],[2022],[2020],[2302],[2111],[2740]]]

[]

[{"value":"0","axis_id":"0","axis_title":"Quarter","axis_units":"","tooltip_units":"","table_units":"","axis_min":null,"axis_max":null,"tick_interval":null,"precision":"-1","data_unit_prefix":"","data_unit_suffix":"","reverse_axis":false}]

[{"value":"0","axis_id":"0","axis_title":"$ Million","axis_units":"","tooltip_units":"","table_units":"","axis_min":null,"axis_max":null,"tick_interval":null,"precision":"-1","data_unit_prefix":"","data_unit_suffix":"","reverse_axis":false}]

Source: Derived from Engineering Construction Activity, Australia, special article "Value of renewable energy construction", June 2022. This article will be updated in December 2024.

Note: Renewables include generation and storage investment based on hydro-electric generating plants, wind farms, utility scale solar farms and pumped hydro generation as well as battery storage. Rooftop photovoltaic systems are out of scope of the Engineering Construction Survey though they are recognised as a notable contributor to renewable energy. Other electricity investment includes generation, transmission and distribution data so the information presented is broader than just new generation projects. Other electricity assets include non-generation investment such as maintaining and expanding existing transmission networks, connecting new renewable projects to existing networks and non-renewable generation assets ie. coal and gas power plants.

The cumulative value of new energy investment highlights this difference, with $51 billion of infrastructure for wires and poles between March quarter 2016 and June quarter 2022, outpacing renewables ($26 billion). Over the same time period, the change in non-renewable electricity generation decreased by 14% (-108 PJ), while renewable electricity generation doubled (up 108% to 157 PJ).

Cumulative value of new energy stock, by quarter
	Value of work done; Renewable Investment; Australia	Value of work done; Other Electricity Investment; Australia
Mar-16	97	1,503
Jun-16	262	3,456
Sep-16	367	5,053
Dec-16	479	6,842
Mar-17	672	8,589
Jun-17	1,128	10,589
Sep-17	2,024	12,471
Dec-17	3,145	14,640
Mar-18	4,542	16,470
Jun-18	6,047	18,639
Sep-18	7,206	20,650
Dec-18	8,947	22,865
Mar-19	10,128	24,804
Jun-19	11,460	27,052
Sep-19	12,804	28,959
Dec-19	14,296	30,828
Mar-20	15,379	32,640
Jun-20	16,802	34,615
Sep-20	17,861	36,487
Dec-20	18,636	38,524
Mar-21	19,411	40,250
Jun-21	20,602	42,272
Sep-21	22,099	44,292
Dec-21	23,395	46,594
Mar-22	24,542	48,705
Jun-22	26,107	51,445

Cumulative value of new energy stock, by quarter

["","Value of work done; Renewable Investment; Australia","Value of work done; Other Electricity Investment; Australia"]

[["Mar-16","Jun-16","Sep-16","Dec-16","Mar-17","Jun-17","Sep-17","Dec-17","Mar-18","Jun-18","Sep-18","Dec-18","Mar-19","Jun-19","Sep-19","Dec-19","Mar-20","Jun-20","Sep-20","Dec-20","Mar-21","Jun-21","Sep-21","Dec-21","Mar-22","Jun-22"],[[97],[262],[367],[479],[672],[1128],[2024],[3145],[4542],[6047],[7206],[8947],[10128],[11460],[12804],[14296],[15379],[16802],[17861],[18636],[19411],[20602],[22099],[23395],[24542],[26107]],[[1503],[3456],[5053],[6842],[8589],[10589],[12471],[14640],[16470],[18639],[20650],[22865],[24804],[27052],[28959],[30828],[32640],[34615],[36487],[38524],[40250],[42272],[44292],[46594],[48705],[51445]]]

[]

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[{"value":"0","axis_id":"0","axis_title":"$ Million","axis_units":"","tooltip_units":"","table_units":"","axis_min":null,"axis_max":null,"tick_interval":null,"precision":"-1","data_unit_prefix":"","data_unit_suffix":"","reverse_axis":false}]

Source: Derived from Engineering Construction Activity, Australia, special article "Value of renewable energy construction", June 2022. This article will be updated in December 2024.

Energy prices

Energy prices have increased

Energy prices respond to pressures from supply, infrastructure, global events and other costs. Using June quarter 2012 as the baseline price for a household electricity package, the price of electricity increased 53 points by June quarter 2024. Over the same period the CPI grew by 38.2 points.

Household price of electricity, average of 8 capital cities, quarterly
	Household electricity price index
Jun-94	43.1
Sep-94	43.1
Dec-94	43.1
Mar-95	43.1
Jun-95	43.1
Sep-95	43.2
Dec-95	43.2
Mar-96	43.2
Jun-96	43.2
Sep-96	43.7
Dec-96	43.7
Mar-97	43.8
Jun-97	43.8
Sep-97	44.1
Dec-97	44.1
Mar-98	44.1
Jun-98	44.1
Sep-98	42.4
Dec-98	42.6
Mar-99	43.1
Jun-99	42.7
Sep-99	42.6
Dec-99	43.1
Mar-00	43.4
Jun-00	42.9
Sep-00	47.6
Dec-00	47.9
Mar-01	48.1
Jun-01	47.7
Sep-01	49.1
Dec-01	49.5
Mar-02	50.3
Jun-02	49.9
Sep-02	50.4
Dec-02	50.9
Mar-03	53.5
Jun-03	52.7
Sep-03	53.4
Dec-03	53.5
Mar-04	54.2
Jun-04	53.4
Sep-04	54.6
Dec-04	54.9
Mar-05	55.8
Jun-05	55.1
Sep-05	56
Dec-05	56.4
Mar-06	57.3
Jun-06	56.6
Sep-06	57.8
Dec-06	58.1
Mar-07	59.2
Jun-07	58.5
Sep-07	61
Dec-07	61.5
Mar-08	65.1
Jun-08	64.3
Sep-08	67.2
Dec-08	67.7
Mar-09	70.1
Jun-09	69.8
Sep-09	77.7
Dec-09	78.3
Mar-10	82.9
Jun-10	82.4
Sep-10	87.4
Dec-10	88.2
Mar-11	92.7
Jun-11	91.3
Sep-11	98.3
Dec-11	98.9
Mar-12	101.8
Jun-12	101
Sep-12	116.5
Dec-12	116.4
Mar-13	119.2
Jun-13	118.4
Sep-13	123.6
Dec-13	123.7
Mar-14	125.4
Jun-14	124.5
Sep-14	118.2
Dec-14	118.2
Mar-15	120.5
Jun-15	119.8
Sep-15	118.1
Dec-15	118.1
Mar-16	117.9
Jun-16	117.4
Sep-16	123.7
Dec-16	123.7
Mar-17	126.8
Jun-17	126.6
Sep-17	137.9
Dec-17	139.1
Mar-18	141.6
Jun-18	139.8
Sep-18	140.4
Dec-18	141.6
Mar-19	140.8
Jun-19	138.4
Sep-19	137.5
Dec-19	136.6
Mar-20	138.4
Jun-20	135
Sep-20	134.1
Dec-20	124
Mar-21	122.9
Jun-21	127
Sep-21	127.2
Dec-21	127.7
Mar-22	127.2
Jun-22	127.2
Sep-22	131.3
Dec-22	142.6
Mar-23	146.9
Jun-23	144.2
Sep-23	150.3
Dec-23	152.4
Mar-24	149.8
Jun-24	152.9

Household price of electricity, average of 8 capital cities, quarterly

["","Household electricity price index"]

[["Jun-94","Sep-94","Dec-94","Mar-95","Jun-95","Sep-95","Dec-95","Mar-96","Jun-96","Sep-96","Dec-96","Mar-97","Jun-97","Sep-97","Dec-97","Mar-98","Jun-98","Sep-98","Dec-98","Mar-99","Jun-99","Sep-99","Dec-99","Mar-00","Jun-00","Sep-00","Dec-00","Mar-01","Jun-01","Sep-01","Dec-01","Mar-02","Jun-02","Sep-02","Dec-02","Mar-03","Jun-03","Sep-03","Dec-03","Mar-04","Jun-04","Sep-04","Dec-04","Mar-05","Jun-05","Sep-05","Dec-05","Mar-06","Jun-06","Sep-06","Dec-06","Mar-07","Jun-07","Sep-07","Dec-07","Mar-08","Jun-08","Sep-08","Dec-08","Mar-09","Jun-09","Sep-09","Dec-09","Mar-10","Jun-10","Sep-10","Dec-10","Mar-11","Jun-11","Sep-11","Dec-11","Mar-12","Jun-12","Sep-12","Dec-12","Mar-13","Jun-13","Sep-13","Dec-13","Mar-14","Jun-14","Sep-14","Dec-14","Mar-15","Jun-15","Sep-15","Dec-15","Mar-16","Jun-16","Sep-16","Dec-16","Mar-17","Jun-17","Sep-17","Dec-17","Mar-18","Jun-18","Sep-18","Dec-18","Mar-19","Jun-19","Sep-19","Dec-19","Mar-20","Jun-20","Sep-20","Dec-20","Mar-21","Jun-21","Sep-21","Dec-21","Mar-22","Jun-22","Sep-22","Dec-22","Mar-23","Jun-23","Sep-23","Dec-23","Mar-24","Jun-24"],[[43.100000000000001],[43.100000000000001],[43.100000000000001],[43.100000000000001],[43.100000000000001],[43.200000000000003],[43.200000000000003],[43.200000000000003],[43.200000000000003],[43.700000000000003],[43.700000000000003],[43.799999999999997],[43.799999999999997],[44.100000000000001],[44.100000000000001],[44.100000000000001],[44.100000000000001],[42.399999999999999],[42.600000000000001],[43.100000000000001],[42.700000000000003],[42.600000000000001],[43.100000000000001],[43.399999999999999],[42.899999999999999],[47.600000000000001],[47.899999999999999],[48.100000000000001],[47.700000000000003],[49.100000000000001],[49.5],[50.299999999999997],[49.899999999999999],[50.399999999999999],[50.899999999999999],[53.5],[52.700000000000003],[53.399999999999999],[53.5],[54.200000000000003],[53.399999999999999],[54.600000000000001],[54.899999999999999],[55.799999999999997],[55.100000000000001],[56],[56.399999999999999],[57.299999999999997],[56.600000000000001],[57.799999999999997],[58.100000000000001],[59.200000000000003],[58.5],[61],[61.5],[65.099999999999994],[64.299999999999997],[67.200000000000003],[67.700000000000003],[70.099999999999994],[69.799999999999997],[77.700000000000003],[78.299999999999997],[82.900000000000006],[82.400000000000006],[87.400000000000006],[88.200000000000003],[92.700000000000003],[91.299999999999997],[98.299999999999997],[98.900000000000006],[101.8],[101],[116.5],[116.40000000000001],[119.2],[118.40000000000001],[123.59999999999999],[123.7],[125.40000000000001],[124.5],[118.2],[118.2],[120.5],[119.8],[118.09999999999999],[118.09999999999999],[117.90000000000001],[117.40000000000001],[123.7],[123.7],[126.8],[126.59999999999999],[137.90000000000001],[139.09999999999999],[141.59999999999999],[139.80000000000001],[140.40000000000001],[141.59999999999999],[140.80000000000001],[138.40000000000001],[137.5],[136.59999999999999],[138.40000000000001],[135],[134.09999999999999],[124],[122.90000000000001],[127],[127.2],[127.7],[127.2],[127.2],[131.30000000000001],[142.59999999999999],[146.90000000000001],[144.19999999999999],[150.30000000000001],[152.40000000000001],[149.80000000000001],[152.90000000000001]]]

[]

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Source: Consumer price index, June quarter 2024

For industry, the input costs of electricity increased by 41.9 points from a 2012 baseline. Gross operating surplus (related to gross company profits) and gross mixed income (profits of small and non-employing businesses) increased by 77% over the same time period.

Inputs into manufacturing, electricity price index, quarterly
	Manufacturing input electricity price index
Jun-94	58.8
Sep-94	57.8
Dec-94	58.1
Mar-95	58.6
Jun-95	58.4
Sep-95	59.2
Dec-95	59.6
Mar-96	59.8
Jun-96	58.9
Sep-96	59.5
Dec-96	59.1
Mar-97	59.5
Jun-97	59.7
Sep-97	59.7
Dec-97	58.4
Mar-98	58.4
Jun-98	58.1
Sep-98	56.2
Dec-98	55.1
Mar-99	53.4
Jun-99	53.6
Sep-99	57
Dec-99	58.9
Mar-00	57.9
Jun-00	55.7
Sep-00	53.5
Dec-00	54.5
Mar-01	55.4
Jun-01	55.8
Sep-01	54.1
Dec-01	55.2
Mar-02	56.3
Jun-02	58.9
Sep-02	60.7
Dec-02	60.3
Mar-03	62.4
Jun-03	61.8
Sep-03	63.3
Dec-03	63.4
Mar-04	64.1
Jun-04	62.8
Sep-04	60.9
Dec-04	61.4
Mar-05	61.9
Jun-05	62.7
Sep-05	63.4
Dec-05	63.8
Mar-06	65
Jun-06	63.5
Sep-06	63.7
Dec-06	63.3
Mar-07	64.4
Jun-07	65.6
Sep-07	67.3
Dec-07	68.5
Mar-08	70.4
Jun-08	74.8
Sep-08	73.7
Dec-08	76.7
Mar-09	76.6
Jun-09	79.7
Sep-09	79.1
Dec-09	80.4
Mar-10	83.2
Jun-10	87.7
Sep-10	87.9
Dec-10	91.5
Mar-11	93.5
Jun-11	96.2
Sep-11	96.6
Dec-11	98.6
Mar-12	98.8
Jun-12	106
Sep-12	113.2
Dec-12	124.3
Mar-13	125.4
Jun-13	125.3
Sep-13	126.4
Dec-13	126.9
Mar-14	129.1
Jun-14	127.9
Sep-14	120.2
Dec-14	120.3
Mar-15	120
Jun-15	120.3
Sep-15	116.1
Dec-15	115.6
Mar-16	114.9
Jun-16	118.4
Sep-16	120.4
Dec-16	120.1
Mar-17	128.4
Jun-17	128.8
Sep-17	133.1
Dec-17	137.5
Mar-18	148.9
Jun-18	149.9
Sep-18	153.4
Dec-18	153
Mar-19	159.1
Jun-19	151.8
Sep-19	147.1
Dec-19	152.3
Mar-20	162.1
Jun-20	141.4
Sep-20	139.2
Dec-20	140
Mar-21	135.2
Jun-21	131.2
Sep-21	136.1
Dec-21	135
Mar-22	141.2
Jun-22	147.5
Sep-22	167.7
Dec-22	152.4
Mar-23	150.1
Jun-23	154.7
Sep-23	148.1
Dec-23	145.9
Mar-24	148.9
Jun-24	147.5

Inputs into manufacturing, electricity price index, quarterly

["","Manufacturing input electricity price index"]

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[]

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Source: Producer price index, June quarter 2024

The transition away from non-renewables is not just about electricity. Other energy sources such as petrol and diesel play a large role in domestic consumption and mining products are a major component of Australia’s trade with other countries. The prices of all inputs to the Manufacturing industry grew by 28.7 points between June 2004 and June 2014, then by 45 points between June 2014 and June 2024.

Between June 2004 and June 2014, coal mining price inputs into manufacturing increased by 40.4 points and natural gas input prices by 55.1 points. Between June 2014 and June 2024 these increased further to 66.9 points for coal mining and 69.0 points for natural gas inputs.

PPI, inputs into manufacturing, selected energy industry inputs, quarterly
	Index Numbers ; Coal mining	Index Numbers ; Oil and gas extraction	Index Numbers ; Petroleum and coal products	Index Numbers ; Natural gas
Jun-04	21.5	44.4	59.7	63.7
Sep-04	26.2	53.2	64.4	66.9
Dec-04	24.9	57.6	65.2	67.2
Mar-05	24.3	49.6	63.3	67.4
Jun-05	24.4	56.7	65.2	67.5
Sep-05	43.5	73.4	70.5	68.6
Dec-05	44.4	74.1	70.8	68.9
Mar-06	44.6	77.5	72.7	69.4
Jun-06	44.6	87	77	69.5
Sep-06	47.5	88.1	77.6	69.9
Dec-06	46.6	72.9	75.3	69.6
Mar-07	46.4	71.8	75.3	70
Jun-07	44.1	78.6	77.3	70.8
Sep-07	37.4	77.7	78.4	70.6
Dec-07	35.6	88.7	81.3	72
Mar-08	34.9	97.8	84.3	70.4
Jun-08	33.7	114.8	89.6	73.5
Sep-08	98.6	123.9	95	74.2
Dec-08	128.5	92.9	92.5	76.7
Mar-09	129.4	67.3	84.9	80.2
Jun-09	106.8	64.3	81.3	80.5
Sep-09	86.1	75.4	84.6	80.7
Dec-09	85.4	76.8	87	82
Mar-10	86.4	76.2	85.7	86.3
Jun-10	86.7	79.6	86.2	91
Sep-10	97.7	79.1	87.2	92.6
Dec-10	93.2	79.2	85.8	92.7
Mar-11	94.6	86.7	90.4	95.3
Jun-11	99.5	100.1	96.4	99
Sep-11	103.6	96.6	95.7	98.4
Dec-11	102	99.2	98.2	99.4
Mar-12	97.4	100.4	100.5	101
Jun-12	96.9	103.7	105.5	101.2
Sep-12	100	94.5	103.2	101.3
Dec-12	90	97.1	101.8	109.5
Mar-13	75.6	102.1	98.4	112.7
Jun-13	78.7	97.1	95.6	115.5
Sep-13	72.9	105.9	100.3	116.5
Dec-13	77	106.6	99.3	115.9
Mar-14	74.2	110.4	104.1	119.5
Jun-14	61.9	105.5	100.7	118.8
Sep-14	58.9	101.4	99.5	107.6
Dec-14	57.6	87.9	98.5	105.8
Mar-15	67.5	69.8	94.4	107.8
Jun-15	53.8	77	90.8	105.8
Sep-15	56.8	69.9	94.5	98.9
Dec-15	51.5	65.6	93.2	98.7
Mar-16	51.6	53.4	86.3	100.3
Jun-16	57	58.9	87.1	98.2
Sep-16	69.2	61.5	89.6	97
Dec-16	124.4	64.6	94	99.8
Mar-17	93.3	71.1	96.4	104.7
Jun-17	109.6	67.5	96.5	107
Sep-17	99.1	66.9	97	114.5
Dec-17	108	77.5	99.4	121.6
Mar-18	124.6	83.9	103.4	131
Jun-18	113.7	92.5	106.8	131.7
Sep-18	114.8	95.2	111	130
Dec-18	121.5	94.3	111.6	128.2
Mar-19	120.1	87.3	107.9	128.1
Jun-19	122.7	93.5	109.9	129.2
Sep-19	109.2	87.7	108.1	128.3
Dec-19	92.4	89.7	108.2	126.9
Mar-20	99.4	81.6	107.6	128.1
Jun-20	89.4	60.1	101.6	128.1
Sep-20	72.4	69.2	96	127.5
Dec-20	73.8	69.8	96.3	126.4
Mar-21	81.6	80.8	101.8	123.1
Jun-21	77.5	85.5	100.7	119
Sep-21	125.3	95	105.7	124.9
Dec-21	170.8	99.9	110.2	122.8
Mar-22	209.4	125.5	116.5	130.5
Jun-22	247.3	130.5	118.9	131.7
Sep-22	143.7	150.4	123.5	182.6
Dec-22	152.4	132.9	134.3	148.2
Mar-23	174.8	131.9	125.8	189.8
Jun-23	142.3	129.1	124.7	195.3
Sep-23	129.8	135.4	126.8	198.2
Dec-23	166.9	139.8	132	188.4
Mar-24	160	137.6	126.1	191.9
Jun-24	128.8	135.5	128	187.8

PPI, inputs into manufacturing, selected energy industry inputs, quarterly

["","Index Numbers ;  Coal mining","Index Numbers ;  Oil and gas extraction","Index Numbers ;  Petroleum and coal products","Index Numbers ;  Natural gas"]

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[]

[{"value":"0","axis_id":"0","axis_title":"Quarter","axis_units":"","tooltip_units":"","table_units":"","axis_min":null,"axis_max":null,"tick_interval":null,"precision":"-1","data_unit_prefix":"","data_unit_suffix":"","reverse_axis":false}]

[{"value":"0","axis_id":"0","axis_title":"Index number","axis_units":"","tooltip_units":"","table_units":"","axis_min":null,"axis_max":null,"tick_interval":null,"precision":"-1","data_unit_prefix":"","data_unit_suffix":"","reverse_axis":false}]

Source: Producer price index, June quarter 2024

Energy impact on productivity

Energy impact on productivity mixed

The KLEMS framework provides a detailed statistical decomposition on the contributions to output growth, represented by five input categories - capital (K), labour (L), energy (E), materials (M), and services (S). This enables analysis on input mix changes, such as the role energy intermediate inputs, observed in industry output growth. Other things being equal, lower cost share means higher energy efficiency

Energy contribution in productivity can demonstrate if there is an increase in consumption to drive growth. For example, in 2019-20 the contribution to growth from energy decreased, reducing growth by 1.6 points. Transport, postal and warehousing energy inputs contributed an increase to growth of 0.6 in 2021-22, following a reduction in activity during COVID 19.

Energy inputs, points contribution to growth, multifactor productivity estimates
	2019-20	2020-21	2021-22
Agriculture, forestry and fishing	-1.46	0.11	-0.06
Mining	-0.04	-0.14	0.16
Manufacturing	-0.07	-0.42	-0.2
Electricity, gas, water and waste services	0.58	0.38	0.21
Construction	0	0.05	0.06
Wholesale trade	0	-0.4	-0.85
Retail trade	-0.02	-0.07	0.11
Accommodation and food services	-0.19	0.11	-0.02
Transport, postal and warehousing	-0.29	-1.59	0.61
Information, media and telecommunications	-0.02	-0.01	0.14
Financial and insurance services	0.02	-0.02	0.04
Rental, hiring and real estate services	-0.02	-0.08	0.18
Professional, scientific and technical services	0.02	0	0.06
Administrative and support services	-0.02	0.02	0.04
Arts and recreation services	-0.05	-0.04	0.08
Other services	0.05	0.02	0.08

Energy inputs, points contribution to growth, multifactor productivity estimates

["","2019-20","2020-21","2021-22"]

[["Agriculture, forestry and fishing","Mining","Manufacturing","Electricity, gas, water and waste services","Construction","Wholesale trade","Retail trade","Accommodation and food services","Transport, postal and warehousing","Information, media and telecommunications","Financial and insurance services","Rental, hiring and real estate services","Professional, scientific and technical services","Administrative and support services","Arts and recreation services","Other services"],[[-1.46],[-0.040000000000000001],[-0.070000000000000007],[0.57999999999999996],[0],[0],[-0.02],[-0.19],[-0.28999999999999998],[-0.02],[0.02],[-0.02],[0.02],[-0.02],[-0.050000000000000003],[0.050000000000000003]],[[0.11],[-0.14000000000000001],[-0.41999999999999998],[0.38],[0.050000000000000003],[-0.40000000000000002],[-0.070000000000000007],[0.11],[-1.5900000000000001],[-0.01],[-0.02],[-0.080000000000000002],[0],[0.02],[-0.040000000000000001],[0.02]],[[-0.059999999999999998],[0.16],[-0.20000000000000001],[0.20999999999999999],[0.059999999999999998],[-0.84999999999999998],[0.11],[-0.02],[0.60999999999999999],[0.14000000000000001],[0.040000000000000001],[0.17999999999999999],[0.059999999999999998],[0.040000000000000001],[0.080000000000000002],[0.080000000000000002]]]

[]

[{"value":"0","axis_id":"0","axis_title":"Industry","axis_units":"","tooltip_units":"","table_units":"","axis_min":null,"axis_max":null,"tick_interval":null,"precision":"-1","data_unit_prefix":"","data_unit_suffix":"","reverse_axis":false}]

[{"value":"0","axis_id":"0","axis_title":"Points","axis_units":"","tooltip_units":"","table_units":"","axis_min":null,"axis_max":null,"tick_interval":null,"precision":"-1","data_unit_prefix":"","data_unit_suffix":"","reverse_axis":false}]

Source: Estimates of Industry Level KLEMS Multifactor Productivity, 2023

The cost of energy as a factor of growth can also be used to understand the impact of efficiency and innovation in industry groups. Other things being equal, lower cost shares mean higher energy efficiency. Between 2019-20 and 2021-22, Transport, postal and warehousing had the highest cost share of energy (declining between 8.5% to 7%) and the most variable contribution to growth from energy, while the Manufacturing cost of energy declined from 6.5% to 5.5%.

Energy inputs, two period cost shares, multifactor productivity analysis
	2019-20	2020-21	2021-22
Agriculture, forestry and fishing	5.02	3.8	3.91
Mining	4.9	4.24	4.25
Manufacturing	6.54	5.59	5.51
Electricity, gas, water and waste services	6.6	6.24	6.48
Construction	1.17	1.08	1.25
Wholesale trade	2.71	2.15	1.48
Retail trade	1.91	1.67	1.6
Accommodation and food services	2.78	2.68	2.5
Transport, postal and warehousing	8.51	7.13	7.02
Information, media and telecommunications	1.76	1.58	1.67
Financial and insurance services	0.58	0.53	0.56
Rental, hiring and real estate services	2.04	1.86	1.79
Professional, scientific and technical services	0.66	0.61	0.6
Administrative and support services	0.3	0.28	0.3
Arts and recreation services	0.64	0.6	0.61
Other services	0.64	0.63	0.67

Energy inputs, two period cost shares, multifactor productivity analysis

["","2019-20","2020-21","2021-22"]

[["Agriculture, forestry and fishing","Mining","Manufacturing","Electricity, gas, water and waste services","Construction","Wholesale trade","Retail trade","Accommodation and food services","Transport, postal and warehousing","Information, media and telecommunications","Financial and insurance services","Rental, hiring and real estate services","Professional, scientific and technical services","Administrative and support services","Arts and recreation services","Other services"],[[5.0199999999999996],[4.9000000000000004],[6.54],[6.5999999999999996],[1.1699999999999999],[2.71],[1.9099999999999999],[2.7799999999999998],[8.5099999999999998],[1.76],[0.57999999999999996],[2.04],[0.66000000000000003],[0.29999999999999999],[0.64000000000000001],[0.64000000000000001]],[[3.7999999999999998],[4.2400000000000002],[5.5899999999999999],[6.2400000000000002],[1.0800000000000001],[2.1499999999999999],[1.6699999999999999],[2.6800000000000002],[7.1299999999999999],[1.5800000000000001],[0.53000000000000003],[1.8600000000000001],[0.60999999999999999],[0.28000000000000003],[0.59999999999999998],[0.63]],[[3.9100000000000001],[4.25],[5.5099999999999998],[6.4800000000000004],[1.25],[1.48],[1.6000000000000001],[2.5],[7.0199999999999996],[1.6699999999999999],[0.56000000000000005],[1.79],[0.59999999999999998],[0.29999999999999999],[0.60999999999999999],[0.67000000000000004]]]

[]

[{"value":"0","axis_id":"0","axis_title":"Industry","axis_units":"","tooltip_units":"","table_units":"","axis_min":null,"axis_max":null,"tick_interval":null,"precision":"-1","data_unit_prefix":"","data_unit_suffix":"","reverse_axis":false}]

[{"value":"0","axis_id":"0","axis_title":"%","axis_units":"","tooltip_units":"","table_units":"","axis_min":null,"axis_max":null,"tick_interval":null,"precision":"-1","data_unit_prefix":"","data_unit_suffix":"","reverse_axis":false}]

Source: Estimates of Industry Level KLEMS Multifactor Productivity, 2023

Energy industries contribution to national income

Energy industries contribute nearly $235 billion to the economy

Income generated from the economy can be split according to its distribution, into compensation of employees, gross operating surplus, and net taxes paid to government. These are close representations of gross national income (GNI) by industry. These indicators represent the contribution of income from energy businesses as a share of national income.

The contribution to GNI by energy industries peaked at nearly 10% in 2022-23. This was largely driven by coal mining (4% of GNI or $103b) and oil and gas extraction (4% of GNI or $100b). Over the past 12 years, the contribution of electricity generation and supply diminished to 1% of GNI ($24b).

Energy industries, primary factor income as a percentage of gross national income
	Coal mining	Oil and gas extraction	Petroleum and coal product manufacturing	Electricity supply	Gas supply	Total Energy industries
2010-11	1.93	1.92	0.27	1.51	0.08	5.71
2011-12	1.75	1.94	0.31	1.59	0.1	5.69
2012-13	1.31	1.87	0.27	1.78	0.11	5.35
2013-14	1.25	1.95	0.27	1.61	0.12	5.2
2014-15	1.1	1.7	0.27	1.47	0.11	4.65
2015-16	1.05	1.47	0.29	1.4	0.11	4.33
2016-17	2.24	1.55	0.33	1.47	0.11	5.69
2017-18	2.4	2.14	0.37	1.45	0.11	6.48
2018-19	2.48	3.07	0.27	1.42	0.11	7.35
2019-20	1.74	2.85	0.2	1.27	0.11	6.17
2020-21	0.87	1.8	0.16	1.15	0.09	4.07
2021-22	3.9	3.61	0.14	1.01	0.08	8.74
2022-23	4.17	4.11	0.19	0.99	0.1	9.55

Energy industries, primary factor income as a percentage of gross national income

["","Coal mining","Oil and gas extraction","Petroleum and coal product manufacturing","Electricity supply","Gas supply","Total Energy industries"]

[["2010-11","2011-12","2012-13","2013-14","2014-15","2015-16","2016-17","2017-18","2018-19","2019-20","2020-21","2021-22","2022-23"],[[1.9299999999999999],[1.75],[1.3100000000000001],[1.25],[1.1000000000000001],[1.05],[2.2400000000000002],[2.3999999999999999],[2.48],[1.74],[0.87],[3.8999999999999999],[4.1699999999999999]],[[1.9199999999999999],[1.9399999999999999],[1.8700000000000001],[1.95],[1.7],[1.47],[1.55],[2.1400000000000001],[3.0699999999999998],[2.8500000000000001],[1.8],[3.6099999999999999],[4.1100000000000003]],[[0.27000000000000002],[0.31],[0.27000000000000002],[0.27000000000000002],[0.27000000000000002],[0.28999999999999998],[0.33000000000000002],[0.37],[0.27000000000000002],[0.20000000000000001],[0.16],[0.14000000000000001],[0.19]],[[1.51],[1.5900000000000001],[1.78],[1.6100000000000001],[1.47],[1.3999999999999999],[1.47],[1.45],[1.4199999999999999],[1.27],[1.1499999999999999],[1.01],[0.98999999999999999]],[[0.080000000000000002],[0.10000000000000001],[0.11],[0.12],[0.11],[0.11],[0.11],[0.11],[0.11],[0.11],[0.089999999999999997],[0.080000000000000002],[0.10000000000000001]],[[5.71],[5.6900000000000004],[5.3499999999999996],[5.2000000000000002],[4.6500000000000004],[4.3300000000000001],[5.6900000000000004],[6.4800000000000004],[7.3499999999999996],[6.1699999999999999],[4.0700000000000003],[8.7400000000000002],[9.5500000000000007]]]

[]

[{"value":"0","axis_id":"0","axis_title":"Year","axis_units":"","tooltip_units":"","table_units":"","axis_min":null,"axis_max":null,"tick_interval":null,"precision":"-1","data_unit_prefix":"","data_unit_suffix":"","reverse_axis":false}]

[{"value":"0","axis_id":"0","axis_title":"%","axis_units":"","tooltip_units":"","table_units":"","axis_min":null,"axis_max":null,"tick_interval":null,"precision":"-1","data_unit_prefix":"","data_unit_suffix":"","reverse_axis":false}]

Source: Table builder, Supply Use Table, 2022-23, Extracted October 2024

Some of this income was distributed to households in the form of compensation of employees (including employee wages, salaries and supplements). The compensation of workers in the electricity generation and supply industry was $8.3b in 2022-23, while in coal mining it was $8.2b.

Compensation of employees, by selected energy industry
	Coal mining	Oil and gas extraction	Petroleum and coal product manufacturing	Electricity supply	Gas supply
2010-11	5,933	3,242	699	5,983	231
2011-12	7,322	4,139	830	6,486	258
2012-13	7,005	4,340	732	6,509	288
2013-14	6,940	5,165	725	6,631	266
2014-15	6,594	5,466	729	6,899	260
2015-16	6,541	5,372	702	6,902	206
2016-17	6,038	4,266	728	6,678	241
2017-18	6,027	4,276	589	6,385	306
2018-19	6,440	4,464	574	6,785	308
2019-20	6,718	4,626	593	7,096	303
2020-21	6,738	4,261	615	7,252	325
2021-22	7,106	4,360	484	7,688	329
2022-23	8,191	4,739	552	8,262	361

Compensation of employees, by selected energy industry

["","Coal mining","Oil and gas extraction","Petroleum and coal product manufacturing","Electricity supply","Gas supply"]

[["2010-11","2011-12","2012-13","2013-14","2014-15","2015-16","2016-17","2017-18","2018-19","2019-20","2020-21","2021-22","2022-23"],[[5933],[7322],[7005],[6940],[6594],[6541],[6038],[6027],[6440],[6718],[6738],[7106],[8191]],[[3242],[4139],[4340],[5165],[5466],[5372],[4266],[4276],[4464],[4626],[4261],[4360],[4739]],[[699],[830],[732],[725],[729],[702],[728],[589],[574],[593],[615],[484],[552]],[[5983],[6486],[6509],[6631],[6899],[6902],[6678],[6385],[6785],[7096],[7252],[7688],[8262]],[[231],[258],[288],[266],[260],[206],[241],[306],[308],[303],[325],[329],[361]]]

[]

[{"value":"0","axis_id":"0","axis_title":"Year","axis_units":"","tooltip_units":"","table_units":"","axis_min":null,"axis_max":null,"tick_interval":null,"precision":"-1","data_unit_prefix":"","data_unit_suffix":"","reverse_axis":false}]

[{"value":"0","axis_id":"0","axis_title":"$ Million","axis_units":"","tooltip_units":"","table_units":"","axis_min":null,"axis_max":null,"tick_interval":null,"precision":"-1","data_unit_prefix":"","data_unit_suffix":"","reverse_axis":false}]

Source: Table builder, Supply Use Table, 2022-23, Extracted October 2024

Energy trade

Coal and natural gas dominate energy exports

The value of energy net exports has increased substantially over the past 20 years. Exports of energy products was $179 billion in 2023-24, up from $20.5 billion in 2003-04. Imports rose at a more moderate pace, growing from $10.1 billion in 2003-04 to $62.1 billion in 2023-24. Fossil fuel exports of coal and natural gas accounted for 89% of Australia’s energy exports in 2023-24. Imports of energy were mainly crude oil, petrol and diesel (97%) in 2023-24.

Value of energy based trade (excluding non-energy products)
	Imports	Exports
1993-94	3,433	11,113
1994-95	3,665	11,245
1995-96	4,306	12,591
1996-97	5,161	13,705
1997-98	4,434	15,401
1998-99	4,621	14,143
1999-00	7,657	18,082
2000-01	10,536	25,200
2001-02	9,025	25,125
2002-03	10,598	23,797
2003-04	10,102	20,472
2004-05	15,071	29,339
2005-06	21,544	38,899
2006-07	22,190	38,859
2007-08	30,555	44,852
2008-09	29,967	77,117
2009-10	27,509	56,831
2010-11	33,551	69,166
2011-12	39,948	75,517
2012-13	40,663	66,943
2013-14	43,244	70,986
2014-15	33,901	66,434
2015-16	24,745	58,815
2016-17	26,929	84,729
2017-18	34,746	101,268
2018-19	40,133	131,951
2019-20	32,493	114,604
2020-21	25,677	79,375
2021-22	50,109	201,720
2022-23	63,281	237,355
2023-24	62,137	179,009

Value of energy based trade (excluding non-energy products)

["","Imports","Exports"]

[["1993-94","1994-95","1995-96","1996-97","1997-98","1998-99","1999-00","2000-01","2001-02","2002-03","2003-04","2004-05","2005-06","2006-07","2007-08","2008-09","2009-10","2010-11","2011-12","2012-13","2013-14","2014-15","2015-16","2016-17","2017-18","2018-19","2019-20","2020-21","2021-22","2022-23","2023-24"],[[3433],[3665],[4306],[5161],[4434],[4621],[7657],[10536],[9025],[10598],[10102],[15071],[21544],[22190],[30555],[29967],[27509],[33551],[39948],[40663],[43244],[33901],[24745],[26929],[34746],[40133],[32493],[25677],[50109],[63281],[62137]],[[11113],[11245],[12591],[13705],[15401],[14143],[18082],[25200],[25125],[23797],[20472],[29339],[38899],[38859],[44852],[77117],[56831],[69166],[75517],[66943],[70986],[66434],[58815],[84729],[101268],[131951],[114604],[79375],[201720],[237355],[179009]]]

[]

[{"value":"0","axis_id":"0","axis_title":"Year","axis_units":"","tooltip_units":"","table_units":"","axis_min":null,"axis_max":null,"tick_interval":null,"precision":"-1","data_unit_prefix":"","data_unit_suffix":"","reverse_axis":false}]

[{"value":"0","axis_id":"0","axis_title":"$ Million","axis_units":"","tooltip_units":"","table_units":"","axis_min":null,"axis_max":null,"tick_interval":null,"precision":"-1","data_unit_prefix":"","data_unit_suffix":"","reverse_axis":false}]

Source: Derived from International Trade in Goods, 2023-24

In aggregate, Australian production of energy exceeded domestic energy needs by close to 370% in 2022-23.

Degree of energy self-sufficiency
	self sufficiency
2010-11	308
2011-12	315
2012-13	344
2013-14	335
2014-15	347
2015-16	363
2016-17	363
2017-18	383
2018-19	400
2019-20	407
2020-21	390
2021-22	377
2022-23	374

Degree of energy self-sufficiency

["","self sufficiency"]

[["2010-11","2011-12","2012-13","2013-14","2014-15","2015-16","2016-17","2017-18","2018-19","2019-20","2020-21","2021-22","2022-23"],[[308.2127868],[314.7239265],[344.12953759999999],[335.43018169999999],[347.27466829999997],[362.92207439999999],[363.46580979999999],[383.34874639999998],[399.79265939999999],[407.03417430000002],[390.34701819999998],[376.63664560000001],[373.79816419999997]]]

[]

[{"value":"0","axis_id":"0","axis_title":"Year","axis_units":"","tooltip_units":"","table_units":"","axis_min":null,"axis_max":null,"tick_interval":null,"precision":"-1","data_unit_prefix":"","data_unit_suffix":"","reverse_axis":false}]

[{"value":"0","axis_id":"0","axis_title":"%","axis_units":"","tooltip_units":"","table_units":"","axis_min":"0","axis_max":"450","tick_interval":null,"precision":"0","data_unit_prefix":"","data_unit_suffix":"","reverse_axis":false}]

Source: Energy Account Australia, 2022-23

Future extensions

Energy related data are also available in other ABS datasets, and the ABS’ coverage of net zero could potentially be expanded in future releases to cover other characteristics.

In relation to net zero, it is worth noting emissions reporting. The SEEA manual includes energy and air emissions accounting. ABS has compiled Energy Accounts since 1996 but currently does not produce SEEA-based Air Emissions Accounts. The current Australian National Greenhouse Gas Accounts (Home | ANGA (climatechange.gov.au)) are the Australian version of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) reporting. While the UNFCCC reporting framework is used to report Australia’s emissions inventories internationally, it is not fully comparable with the SEEA / SNA. This is because the SEEA / SNA capture activity based on residency, while the UNFCCC uses the territory concept. Further adjustments are required to link the UNFCCC emissions data with economic data.

APA

Citation

Understanding ABS data to support the net zero transition

APA

Citation

Introduction

What is Net Zero?

Measuring Net Zero

The Net Zero Story

Energy use

Energy exports exceed domestic energy use

Energy decoupling

Energy use is starting to decouple from economic growth

Energy intensity

Businesses are becoming more energy efficient

Energy mix

Share of renewable electricity is increasing

Electricity infrastructure investment

Investment in non-renewables and transmission exceeds investment in renewables

Energy prices

Energy prices have increased

Energy impact on productivity

Energy impact on productivity mixed

Energy industries contribution to national income

Energy industries contribute nearly $235 billion to the economy

Energy trade

Coal and natural gas dominate energy exports

Future extensions

Provide feedback