Counts of Australian Businesses, including Entries and Exits methodology

The data used to produce these counts are extracted from the Australian Bureau of Statistics Business Register (ABSBR). The ABSBR is populated using administrative data from Australian Business Number (ABN) registrations recorded in the Australian Business Register (ABR), and business data from the Australian Tax Office (ATO). Data on the structures of large and complex businesses are also collected by ABS.

A conceptual and practical basis of counts has been published to show how the counts published in Counts of Australian Businesses, including Entries and Exits (CABEE) are derived from total registered ABNs, and the counts published by the ABR.

The results in this publication are based, in part on ABR data supplied by the Registrar to the ABS under the A New Tax System (Australian Business Number) Act 1999 and ATO data supplied to the ABS by the ATO under the Taxation Administration Act 1953. These require that such data is only used for the purpose of carrying out the functions of the ABS. In addition, no individual information collected under the Census and Statistics Act 1905 is provided back to the Registrar or ATO for administrative or regulatory purposes. Any discussion of data limitations or weaknesses is in the context of using the data for statistical purposes and is not related to the ability of the data to support the ABR or ATO’s core operational requirements.

Legislative requirements to ensure privacy and secrecy of this data have been followed. Only people authorised under the Australian Bureau of Statistics Act 1975 have been allowed to view data about any particular firm in conducting these analyses. Results have been confidentialised in accordance with the Census and Statistics Act 1905, to ensure that they are not likely to enable identification of a particular person or organisation.

Further information regarding these Acts can be found at the Federal Register of Legislation website. Information about the ABR and ATO can be obtained from the ABR website and the ATO website.

ABS statistics draw extensively on information provided freely by individuals, businesses, governments, and other organisations. Their continued cooperation is very much appreciated: without it, the wide range of statistics published by the ABS would not be available. Information received by the ABS is treated in strict confidence and is subject to the requirements of the Census and Statistics Act 1905.

Annual data is compiled from an extract of source data taken in mid-May each year. This information is used to compile the financial year counts as of June 30 for the past five years.

Quarterly data is compiled from data extracts which align with the mid-point of each calendar quarter. That is, the September 2022 quarter represents the period between mid-May 2022 and mid-August 2022.

Counts of businesses in this release include only actively trading businesses in the Australian market sector. Actively trading businesses are:

• Type of Activity Unit (TAUs) from the profiled population.
• ABNs from the non-profiled population that are actively remitting Goods and Services Tax (GST).

For the purposes of CABEE, a business is defined as a legal entity engaging in productive activity and/or other forms of economic activity in the market sector. Such entities accumulate assets on their own account and/or hold assets on behalf of others, and may incur liabilities.

The economic activities of individuals are excluded, with the exception of individuals who engage in productive activity, either as a sole trader or in a partnership or trust.

Businesses are defined to be engaging in productive activity where they have a Goods and Services Tax (GST) role and are actively remitting GST through Business Activity Statements (BAS).

The businesses on the ABSBR are separated using a two population model. The two populations are known as the profiled population and the non-profiled population. The main distinction between businesses in the two populations relates to the complexity of the business structure and the degree of intervention required to reflect the business structure for statistical purposes.

Most businesses included on the ABSBR are in the non-profiled population. Most of these businesses have simple structures that are suitable for ABS statistical purposes at the Australian Business Number (ABN) level. For the non-profiled population, one ABN equates to one business.

For a small number of businesses, the ABN unit is not suitable for ABS economic statistics purposes and the ABS maintains its own economic units structure through direct contact with businesses. These businesses constitute the profiled population and are represented by Type of Activity Unit’s (TAU’s). This population consists of large, complex and diverse groups of businesses.

A Type of Activity Unit (TAU) consists of one or more business entities, sub entities or branches of a business that can be grouped according to production activity, and can report a minimum set of data items. These TAUs are classified according to the industry of the main activity. The relationship between TAU’s and their associated legal entities (ABN’s) may be one-to-one, many-to-one, or one-to-many.

The statistical unit referred to as a 'business' consists of ABNs from the non-profiled population and TAUs from the profiled population.

Business Activity Statements (BAS) are reports that businesses lodge with the ATO on a monthly, quarterly or annual basis. They include the amount the business earned, the amount of GST collected, the amount of GST credits on goods and services purchased, pay as you go (PAYG) tax instalments and other tax reporting obligations.

A business may still be counted as actively trading at the end of the financial year even if it has ceased operating, if the associated ABN has not been cancelled and, the business has remitted GST within the last five quarters (or three years for annual remitters).

Businesses that have not submitted a Business Activity Statement (BAS) and/or have reported zero dollar amounts over five consecutive quarters (or three consecutive years for annual remitters) are treated as 'long term non-remitters' (LTNRs). These businesses are not considered to be actively trading and are excluded from the counts as they are not remitting GST.

A business may be classified as a LTNR at the end of the reference period, and therefore be excluded from the count of actively trading businesses in CABEE, then resume remitting GST at a later date. Such a business may have been operating during the period it was classified as a LTNR, despite not remitting GST during this time. These businesses are counted as other exits in the reference period they become a LTNR, and again as other entries in the reference period they resume remitting GST.

Units on the ABSBR have been classified according to the Standard Institutional Sector Classification of Australia (SISCA) 2015, Type of Legal Organisation (TOLO) and Australian and New Zealand Industry Classification (ANZSIC) 2006. These classifications are used to determine whether a business unit is in scope of CABEE, and to publish counts.

1. Annual Data

The SISCA, ANZSIC and TOLO classifications of a business in the final year of the publication are applied across all five years in the publication. This is known as a back-cast classification.

2. Quarterly Data

The SISCA, ANZSIC and TOLO classifications represent a business' classification at the time data was extracted for that quarter. This is known as a point-in-time classification.

For this reason, business counts for the classifications available in the quarterly data cube may not align with the annual CABEE timeseries.

SISCA is based on the System of National Accounts 2008 (SNA08) institutional sector classification. Entities classified to the following categories of SISCA are excluded:

• 2110 Reserve Bank of Australia
• 3000 General Government
• 5000 Non-Profit Institutions Serving Households
• 6000 Rest of the World
   

The exclusion of the General Government institutional sector particularly impacts on counts for the Public Administration and Safety, Education and Training, and Health Care and Social Assistance ANZSIC divisions (O, P and Q respectively).

For more information, see Standard Economic Sector Classifications of Australia (SESCA), 2008 (cat. no. 1218.0).

TOLO indicates whether a business is part of the private or public sector, and the type of ownership structure it has. Entities classified to the following TOLO categories are excluded:

• 26 Other Unincorporated Entities
• 33 Foreign Government

In-scope TOLO classifications are grouped in the data published in CABEE based on the following concordance:

For more information, see Standard Economic Sector Classifications of Australia (SESCA), 2008 (cat. no. 1218.0).

Each business has been classified to a single ANZSIC 2006 industry class. The industry class allocated is the activity which provides the main source of industry value added (sales of goods and services, wages and salaries or number of employees as a proxy), which is generally based on a description provided by the business.

Entities classified to the following 4 digit ANZSIC classes are excluded:

• 6210 Central Banking
• 6330 Superannuation Funds
• 7711 Police Services
• 7713 Fire Protection and Other Emergency Services
• 9540 Religious Services
• 9551 Business and Professional Associations
• 9552 Labour Association Services
• 9559 Other Interest Group Services n.e.c.
• 9601 Private Households Employing Staff
• 9602 Undifferentiated Goods-Producing Activities of Private Households for Own Use
• 9603 Undifferentiated Service-Producing Activities of Private Households for Own Use
   

For more information, see Australian and New Zealand Standard Industrial Classification (ANZSIC), 2006 (cat. no. 1292.0).

There are actively trading businesses that have not registered for an ABN because they do not have any obligations under the Goods and Services Tax (GST) legislation. For example businesses that have turnover that is under the threshold for registration (currently $75,000) may choose not to apply for an ABN. These businesses have not been identified or quantified and are not included in the counts presented in this release.

The scope for business counts includes some businesses that are yet to be coded by the ATO to an industry, sector and/or geographical area. Analysis conducted on these businesses indicates that, despite not having a complete set of classificatory data, these businesses were actively trading and also met the other scoping criteria of the collection. These actively trading businesses have been grouped together into ‘Currently Unknown’ or ‘No Usual Address’ codes in the data cubes.

Counts for ‘Currently Unknown’ categories are included in the publication for completeness. However entry and exit rates and percentage change involving 'currently unknown' values are not published to ensure administrative changes are not misinterpreted.

Counts of businesses in CABEE are published at four geographical levels: Australia totals, Main State, Statistical Area Level 2 (SA2) and Local Government Area (LGA). Main State is derived from business information on the ABSBR, while SA2 is part of the Australian Statistical Geography Standard (ASGS) Edition 3.

The ASGS is a framework of all the regions which the ABS and other organisations use to collect, release, and analyse geographically classified statistics. The ASGS ensures that these statistics are comparable and geospatially integrated and provide you with a coherent set of standard regions to access, visualise, analyse and understand statistics.

This release of CABEE uses the most recent version of the ASGS classification, ASGS Edition 3, an update of ASGS 2016 (Edition 2). This update, which was released in 2021, redefines some SA2 and LGA boundaries used in previous publications. 

For more information, see Australian Statistical Geography Standard (ASGS) (cat. no. 1270.0).

Businesses can operate in more than one geographical location and be represented by a single ABN/TAU. These are referred to as multi-location businesses. For the purposes of this release, multi-location businesses are attributed to one geographical classification to prevent double counting of businesses. While the individual locations of businesses with multiple sites are not available in CABEE, some locations data at the SA1 level are available via the ABS BLADE product.

The issues of geocoding multi location businesses are more pronounced in counts at smaller geographies, as multi location businesses will only be attributed to a single SA2/LGA. As such, it cannot be assumed that business counts at each geographical level reflect all business operations within that geography.

For businesses in the non-profiled population, main state is derived from the main business address. The main business address of a business relates to the physical address where the main business activity takes place. For businesses in the profiled population, main state is the state or territory with the highest employment. Therefore, for some businesses in the profiled population, main state is not necessarily the state or territory of the main business address.

Statistical Areas Level 2 (SA2s) are medium-sized general purpose areas which represent a community that interacts together socially and economically. The SA2 is the smallest area for the release of Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) business counts statistics.

There are 2,473 SA2s covering the whole of Australia without gaps or overlaps. This includes 19 non-spatial special purpose code. These non-spatial SA2s represent populations that are difficult to define geographically such as people who are in transit or have no fixed address. These are represented by Migratory – Offshore – Shipping and No Usual Address SA2s.

The 9 Migratory Offshore Shipping and the Outside Australia SA2 are not published in CABEE, as businesses are not classified to these codes. This leaves a total of 2,463 SA2 regions published in CABEE, including No Usual Address for each State and Territory. SA2 data can be aggregated to larger geographical areas in the ASGS framework.

SA2 data is only coded for businesses in the non-profiled population. Units in the profiled population (TAU’s) are included in “Currently Unknown” SA2 categories.

LGAs are special purpose areas which do not align directly with the ASGS. Their purpose is to represent a community that is administered by one local government council. LGAs are geocoded using the Geocoded National Address File (GNAF). LGA data is only coded for businesses in the non-profiled population.

Units in the profiled population (TAU’s) are included in “No Usual Address” LGA categories.

The following table illustrates how the number of actively trading businesses presented in this ABS statistical release differs from the total number of entities with an Australian Business Number (ABN). For businesses that are within scope of this ABS statistical release, the table also details the number of profiled businesses.

1. See the Scope and Coverage sections of the Methodology for more information.
2. The ABSBR is updated monthly and data is extracted as close to 30 June as possible. Minor differences in the timing of the CABEE frame contribute to the difference between end of year business counts presented in this release and those published by the ABR.
3. Businesses on the ABSBR are captured using an economic units model that has a profiled population and non-profiled population. The main distinction between businesses in the two populations relates to the complexity of the business structure. Businesses in the non-profiled population are represented by the ABN as they have simple structures. Businesses in the profiled population have large or complex structures and are represented by a statistical unit known as the Type of Activity Unit (TAU). See the Scope section of the Methodology for more detailed information.

This release contains snapshots of counts of actively trading businesses at regular points in time. While data presented in this release was produced on a broadly similar conceptual basis to data presented in previous releases, If you want to analyse change over time there may be methodological, classificatory, definitional, administrative or content changes between the different releases of CABEE.

Depending on the analysis being undertaken, these changes could adversely affect the comparability of CABEE data over time. See the History of Changes and Revisions sections of the relevant releases to understand the nature and impact of any changes.

The ABSBR receives updated information when a business entity reports changes to either the ABR or the ATO, such as a new registration, revised classificatory information, or when the business entity reports changes in its business structure or activity. These reporting changes can impact upon the business entity's industry classification (ANZSIC), institutional classification (SISCA), legal classification (TOLO) or geographic classification. These changes to the ABSBR may generate updates to data previously published in earlier editions of CABEE.

Some of the revisions to currently unknown categories are attributable to updated classificatory information, such as ANZSIC, SISCA or geography, where this information did not previously exist for the business entity.

These counts are not subject to sampling error as they represent a complete enumeration of economically active businesses on the ABSBR. However they are subject to non-sampling error and the cyclical administrative workflows of the ATO may also impact on data interpretability. Revisions to data due to non-sampling error or updates to methodology are included as technical notes on the relevant publication, and are available in the History of changes section.

Counts of active businesses are compared between consecutive periods to identify business events, such as businesses that are entering and exiting the Australian economy, as well as businesses that continue to survive.

For annual data, a business entry is counted when an actively trading business on the ABSBR at 30 June in the reference year, was not actively trading at 30 June the previous year.

For quarterly data, a business entry is counted when an actively trading business on the ABSBR at the end of the reference quarter, was not actively trading at the end of the previous quarter.

Business Entries have been split into 'Business births' and 'Other entries'.

Business births include:

• new ABN registrations in the Non-Profiled Population
• the creation of new units in the Profiled Population

Other entries include:

• businesses that were previously cancelled and have re-activated their ABN
• businesses that were previously a GST LTNR and have become active again via BAS lodgement
• businesses that were previously out-of-scope of CABEE, such as those in the non-market sector, or that have now become in-scope due to an industry reclassification, or existing businesses that have registered for a GST role for the first time

The movement of businesses between the profiled and non-profiled populations are captured as an exit and corresponding entry, though the numbers involved are usually small.

For annual data, a business exit is counted when an actively trading business on the ABSBR at 30 June in the previous year is no longer actively trading at 30 June in the reference year.

For quarterly data, a business exit is counted when an actively trading business on the ABSBR at the end of the previous quarter is no longer actively trading at the end of the reference quarter.

Business Exits have been split into 'Business cancellations' and 'Other exits'.

Business cancellations include:

• businesses in the Non-Profiled Population that have cancelled their ABN
• units in the Profiled Population that have ceased

These events typically happen when; a business has closed, a business has been sold, a business has significantly changed structure, or a business is no longer operating in Australia.

Other exits include:

• an inactive business defined as a LTNR who has not lodged BAS data for 5 quarters (or 3 years for annual remitters); and
• a business that was previously in-scope of CABEE that has become out-of-scope, such as those moving to a non-market sector or industry classification.

The movement of businesses between the profiled and non-profiled populations are also captured as an exit and corresponding entry, though the numbers involved are usually small.

For both annual and quarterly data, it is possible that a business can enter after the end of the previous reference period and exit before the end of the next reference period. These businesses are not included in the counts for the specific reference period.

Intra-period entries and exits are more likely to impact the annual rather than quarterly business counts. They are the main contributing factor for the differences seen between annual entry and exits for the financial year, and the sum of entries and exits from the four quarters that make up the annual period. For more information, see the Technical Note.

A surviving business is defined as a business on the ABSBR that is active at 30 June of the reference year and was also active at 30 June of the previous year.

Two types of survival tables are published in the annual CABEE datacubes; businesses that were active in the first year captured by this release and businesses that entered during the first year captured by this release, and have survived to consecutive years.

In the business survival annual data cubes, changes in employment and turnover size ranges are not considered. That is, surviving businesses will remain classified to their original base year classification even when they have expanded or contracted. This is to more accurately reflect the survival rates for businesses in each strata classification.

The movement of businesses between locations, employment sizes and turnover sizes are important characteristics in understanding how businesses grow and change over time. For these variables, businesses are classified according to their size for the respective year for all datacubes and tables, except survival tables.

The net movement of surviving businesses is calculated by taking the total inflow at the end of the financial year minus the total outflow at the end of the financial year. These counts are included in datacubes to quantify the change in counts of businesses within a financial year which are attributable to the movement of surviving businesses, not entries and exits to a strata.

The inflow at the end of a financial year is the count of surviving businesses that have moved into one size range out of another size range in a financial year (i.e. an employment or turnover size range). This does not include entries and exits.

The outflow is the count of surviving businesses that have moved out of a size range (i.e. an employment or turnover size range) and into another size range (for employment or turnover). This does not include entries and exits.

A business which employs and pays a salary to (or plans to employ and pay a salary to) one or more persons is required to register a Pay As You Go (PAYG) withholding role with the ATO. This role was historically known as an Income Tax Withholding (ITW) role. These businesses are required to withhold payments from the salaries and wages of their employees and send the amounts to the ATO.

All businesses in the profiled population are considered employing businesses, regardless of whether they have an active PAYG role. These businesses report employment to the ABS as the number of persons who receive remuneration in wages or salaries (including working proprietors and working partners) or are paid a retainer fee by their employer. TAUs which report an employment count of zero are included in the 1-4 employment category.

For the non-profiled population, businesses with an active PAYG role which have remitted to the ATO at least once in the preceding five quarters (or three years for annual remitters) are considered employing businesses. There are a small number of businesses which have an active PAYG role for purposes other than withholding amounts from wages and salaries, and therefore report an employee count of zero. These businesses are included in the 1-4 or 1-19 employee category. Conversely, there are a small number of businesses which do not have an active PAYG role, however, have an employee count above zero. These businesses are included in the non-employing category.

For all businesses, employment excludes non-salaried directors, volunteers, persons paid by commission only, and self-employed persons such as consultants and contractors.

An annualised indicator of each business’ employment is published in the annual data. This annualised indicator provides a good representation of the number of employees a business had during the past financial year. It does not however, capture short-term fluctuations.

Annualised employment estimates are derived from payees data reported to the ATO. This data is typically reported after the end of the financial year, with most business updates captured in the August month. Updates can also occur each month as new data is reported by businesses. Because this reporting for the current financial year occurs after the data is extracted for CABEE, the annualised employment for most businesses in CABEE is derived from payees data from the previous financial year. These estimates are used to determine the employment size range of a business.

In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the ABS has created an experimental point-in-time employment indicator. This indicator, used in both the annual and quarterly CABEE estimates, is derived from Single Touch Payroll (STP) data as the primary input and supplemented with payees information for businesses yet to commence reporting through STP.

This indicator is created monthly using the highest reported payroll jobs for that calendar month. Due to the timeliness of this reporting, data is available very close to the CABEE reference period. For businesses operating at the end of the financial year, STP data from May is used, as this is the closest alignment to the other data extracts used in CABEE. For the quarterly data, STP data for May, August, November and February is used as this also is the closest alignment to the other data extracts used to produce the quarterly data.

Where this data is not available for a business, such as those yet to move to the STP system, data is substituted using the annualised employment indicator derived from ATO Payees data, the source for all businesses in the annual CABEE publication. This annualised indicator is also used for the Profiled Population.

Employees who are made redundant and do not receive ongoing payments, are temporarily stood down without pay, or are on unpaid leave during the employment reference period are not counted as employees in this indicator. Employees who received JobKeeper, paid leave, or other entitlements during the employment reference period are counted as employees due to their ongoing ties to the business.

From the 2021 release of CABEE, to assist you to understand the impact of COVID-19 on employment, tables will be released using both the annualised employment indicator, and the experimental point-in-time employment indicator. State totals for datacube 10 may differ between indicators.

For businesses in the non-profiled population, annual turnover values are based on data reported to the ATO through Business Activity Statements (BAS). For businesses in the profiled population, annual turnover reported via BAS for ABNs is apportioned to the relevant TAU.

Due to the timing of businesses reporting BAS information, the turnover data in CABEE is lagged by six months. That is, turnover data for businesses operating at the end of a financial year is derived from BAS reporting from the four quarters ending December the previous year.

Other administrative data sources, such as Single Touch Payroll (STP) and payment summaries, may be used where BAS data is missing to improve the coverage of turnover data. Some businesses receive an imputed turnover value where this data is missing.

Seasonal adjustment is a statistical technique that attempts to measure and remove the effects of systematic calendar related patterns, including seasonal variation, to reveal how a series changes from period to period. Seasonal adjustment does not aim to remove the irregular or non-seasonal influences, which may be present in a data series. In this release seasonally adjusted timeseries have been provided as a separate datacube to assist you in interpreting data which has a strong seasonal component. 

CABEE seasonally adjusted counts (for total businesses, entries and exits) have been adjusted using the ABS seasonal adjustment program "SEASABS", which uses the X11 processing method. For more information about this methodology, see Time Series Analysis: Seasonal Adjustment Methods. 

Trend estimates are not available for CABEE as the timeseries are too new. In addition, a range of ABS publications have temporarily suspended the publication of trend estimates during COVID-19, until the extent of impact from COVID-19 on their data is understood and appropriate interventions can be implemented. 

Before comparing data from this release with other ABS data, check the Methodology, as some other ABS data may exclude non-employing businesses or specific industries or sectors. Further information about the scope and coverage of ABS releases can be found in the Methodology section of each publication.

There is a legislative requirement to protect the privacy of businesses and individuals represented in the data published by the ABS. In order to do this, a confidentialisation process has been applied to counts presented in CABEE to ensure no business or individual is able to be identified.

This process is expected to maximise the availability of data without introducing any bias to the counts. It perturbs data in such a way that the data presented at detailed levels will not always be additive. That is, component values will not always sum to the total (both horizontally and vertically) due to perturbation. Each cell is individually perturbed, and the effect on individual cells is minimal.

No data in datacube 1 has been subject to perturbation. In datacubes 2-11, all cells may have been subject to perturbation with the exclusion of high-level totals. These totals include industry division, state, employment size, turnover size and Australia totals. These counts are also found in datacube 1 and are included as unperturbed values in datacubes 2-11 to ensure any repeated counts are consistent between datacubes.

There are 2 known revisions to this release of CABEE:

• In 2022 there was a change to the BAS Benchmarks methodology for profiled units. This new methodology standardises the method of allocating ABN turnover to TAUs and does so based directly on linked ABN and modelled industry turnover data. Approximately 235 units have changed turnover size range, mostly to lower turnover size ranges, so the impact is expected to be small.

• Turnover and employment size ranges have been standardised across all data cubes to be consistent with those used in Datacube 1. For more information, see the Technical Note.

• The first release of annual CABEE data was brought forward to August each year. This release included annual timeseries data for Datacube 1 (excluding turnover). Datacubes 2-11, updated Experimental Estimates quarterly data from June 2020 and seasonally adjusted counts were released in December along with the interactive maps. The quarterly datasets were updated in the main release 8 weeks after the reference period once STP became available. 
• ANZSIC class 6330 (superannuation funds) was removed from the scope of CABEE for this release. This resulted in a reduction in CABEE counts from previous years, and downward revisions to previously published counts from 2017-18 to 2019-20. 
• Further splits of entries and exits were introduced into the annual data for the first time as part of this release. They were included in the relevant tables in Data Cube 1. There is no plan to include these splits as part of datacubes 2-11 going forward.

• In 2020, new employment size range data using an experimental point in time method was published. Two additional tables were included in data cube 1 for comparison. The point in time data includes Single Touch Payroll (STP) information and represents a business' employment at the end of the financial year. Data are not available for years prior to 2019-20, so prior comparison with the new employment data source is not possible. While there is no change to the total number of businesses, nor to the total number of employing or non-employing businesses, there is some difference in numbers of businesses in employment size ranges. For instance, in 2019-20, there are fewer businesses in the 1-4 employees size range, and to a lesser extent in the 5-19 employees size range. There are more in larger size ranges, particularly 20-199 employees.
• In 2020 there was a change to the turnover imputation methodology using BAS data. This change improves the accuracy of turnover imputation for businesses which do not report, or report a $0 value, in a current or adjacent period. Under the old methodology, a business which had previously reported non-zero turnover and has reported a $0 value in the current period would have received an industry median impute. This often resulted in businesses receiving a higher turnover value with imputation than they had reported in previous periods. Under the new methodology, if the same business reported $0 in the current period; or reported $0 in the previous period and has not reported in the current period, it would receive a $0 value for turnover. An industry median impute is now only used when there is no data reported in any recent period for the business. This change in methodology was applied to historic periods captured by this release, that is 2016, 2017, 2018 and 2019, and resulted in a revision to the turnover size range data for these years. Data cannot be compared for previous years as it has not been prepared with the new methodology.
• In 2020, there were changes to the SISCA classification of some businesses. 173,689 non-profiled businesses and 40 profiled businesses changed SISCA as part of a quality improvement project. As the SISCA of a business in the final year of the publication is applied to the entire publication period, there have been some large changes in SISCA from the 2019 publication to this one. Many businesses have moved from being in the household sector, and other sectors, to being non-financial corporations. Additionally, 538 non-profiled and 26 profiled ANZSICs were changed.
• In 2020, there was a minor update to LGA boundaries and codes. LGAs coded to 10130 have been amended to 10180 (Armidale Regional) and LGA's coded to 14200 have been amended to 14220 (Inverell (A)).

• In 2019, updated employment data was received for some businesses. This resulted in a revision to the employment size range data previously published for the 2017-18 financial year. Counts by employment size range for 2017-18 in this release of CABEE are considered to be the most accurate and up-to-date.
• There was a change to the turnover imputation methodology. This affected businesses which had not reported BAS, or had reported a $0 value, and had no recent BAS reporting history. In previous releases, these businesses received an alternate turnover indicator that was derived from other ABSBR data items, such as industry and size. From this release, the alternate indicator is no longer used and these businesses are now assigned a turnover value of $0.

• In 2018, there were updates to local government area (LGA) boundaries and the associated meshblock allocations. For comparability, from CABEE 2014-2018, businesses are allocated to LGA’s based on the updated boundaries for all years within the publication.

• Two new datacubes were added to this release which present counts of businesses by Local Government Area (LGA) by Industry Division by employment and turnover sizes. These are datacubes 10 & 11 respectively.
• There was a change in the definition of a ‘small business’ used in the Australian Taxation System. Updated turnover size ranges were introduced to CABEE datacubes to reflect this, affecting datacubes 3, 6, 7 and 9. This does not change the raw data, only the strata in which it is presented in the datacubes.

• In 2016 the Australian Statistical Geography Standard (ASGS) was updated to ASGS 2016. From CABEE 2012-2016, businesses are allocated to geographical areas based on the ASGS 2016 for all years within the publication.
• A new confidentialisation method was implemented in 2012-16 CABEE. The change was made to enhance the current process and utilise existing ABS infrastructure. The confidentialisation process applied maximises the availability of data without introducing any bias to the counts. It perturbs data in such a way that the data presented at detailed levels will not always be additive.

• Datacube 1 was added for this release. It includes tables 1-20 which were previously published in the PDF publication download. From this release, the PDF publication will no longer be created, instead the analysis and information can be found on the website.
• The methodology used to derive the non-profiled population business counts for employment size changed in 2009-2013 CABEE to provide a more accurate representation of the size of businesses. A more detailed description of the methodology and its effects are described in Improved Employment Range (Technical Note) in 2009-2013 and 2010-2014 CABEE.
• Prior to this release, the strata classification for all variables were held constant for all years within a publication, specifically the latest available data were used to represent a business for all periods within each release of CABEE. Due to the nature of business growth with respect to employment and turnover, it was identified that the movement between these strata are important characteristics in the classification and movement of businesses. From CABEE 2009-2013, for these two variables, businesses are classified according to the size for the respective year. This change resulted in the addition of Tables 14 & 18 to Datacube 1, and the inclusion of “Net movement of surviving businesses” to tables 13 and 17.

• Two data cubes were added for this release which present counts of businesses by Industry division by Statistical Area Level 2 (SA2) by business size (employment size and annual turnover size ranges). These datacubes replaced those which previously showed counts of businesses by Statistical Division and Statistical Local Area.
• In June 2010, the ABS implemented a new methodology for identifying annual LTNRs. These are businesses that have not submitted a Business Activity Statement (BAS) for a defined period of time, and are considered dormant businesses and therefore excluded from the counts. This change has primarily resulted in an increase in business entries, as those businesses who would have previously been excluded have been brought back into scope, and therefore appear as business entries.

In line with the CABEE Roadmap, this second release for 2022 improves the coherence of the data by standardising employment size ranges and turnover size ranges across the data cubes.

All datacubes with employment size ranges will now be:

• Non-employing
• 1-4 Employees,
• 5-19 Employees
• 20-199 Employees
• 200+ Employees
• Total

This change affects datacubes 2, 4, 5 and 10:

• ‘1-19 Employees’ will be split into ‘1-4 Employees’ and ‘5-19 Employees’

All datacubes with turnover size ranges will now be:

• Zero to less than $50k
• $50k to less than $200k
• $200k to less than $2m
• $2m to less than $5m
• $5m to less than $10m
• $10m or more
• Total

This change affects datacube 9:

• ‘$50k to less than $100k’ and ‘$100k to less than $200K’ will be aggregated to ‘$50k to less than $200k’
• ‘$200k to less than $500k’ and ‘$500k to less than $2m’ will be aggregated to ‘$200k to less than $2m’

The scope of the quarterly counts – actively trading businesses in the Australian market sector- is the same as the scope of the annual counts. This means the total number of businesses operating at comparable points in time will be identical between the quarterly and annual data cubes. For the 2022 CABEE publication, these comparable points in time are:

• end of June 2020 quarter and end of 2019-20 financial year; 
• start of September 2020 quarter and start of 2020-21 financial year; 
• end of June 2021 quarter and end of 2020-21 financial year; 

• start of September 2021 quarter and start of 2021-22 financial year; and

• end of June 2022 quarter and end of 2021-22 financial year.

A key methodological difference between the quarterly and annual counts is the use of backcasting. In the CABEE context, backcasting is the practice of coding the most recent characteristics of a business in all previous periods, even if these characteristics have changed over time. To provide insights into the latest changes, backcasting is not used in the quarterly counts. However, backcasting is used in the annual counts, for selected characteristics - including industry division, institutional sector, and type of legal organisation. This means the quarterly and annual counts for values of these three characteristics may differ for all comparable periods other than the most recent period. This is most noticeable in counts by industry division.

Another key difference is intra period entries and exits. They are the main contributing factor for the differences seen between annual entries and exits for the 2021-22 financial year, and the sum of entries and exits from the four quarters that make up this annual period. The sum of the 2021-22 quarterly entries and exits exceed the annual entries and exits by 75,837. This is because a business may have:

• One quarterly entry and one quarterly exit (70,916 businesses for 2021-22), or two quarterly entries and two quarterly exits (90) within the same financial year. For these businesses, neither the entry nor exit will be captured by the annual counts.
• One quarterly entry and two quarterly exits (1,397) where only the second exit is reflected in the annual counts.
• Two quarterly entries and one quarterly exit (3,344) where only the second entry is reflected in the annual counts.

Further information on entries and exits can be found in the Technical Note.

Since March 2020, there has been significant impact on the business community as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. This event has impacted businesses in different ways; some industries were heavily restricted, for others it was a period of growth or innovation. Commonwealth and State Governments supported businesses through a range of policies and programs.

The most significant impacts on the CABEE series in 2021-22 have been:

• Higher business entries – The business entry rate in 2021-22 was 19.7% compared to 15.8% in 2020-21. This was the main driver of a 7% increase in business counts during 2021-22. While entry rates were higher than last year for all states and territories, there was a sharp increase in Victoria’s entry rate, going from 3.9% in 2020-21 to 10.9% in 2021-22. Higher business entry rates may be influenced by a range of factors, for example: the government support packages available to businesses aimed at mitigating the impact of COVID-19 and supporting economic recovery; conversely, the end of COVID restrictions allowing some industries to operate more normally; strong economic conditions encouraging people to open businesses; or an increase in demand and innovation in some industries.
• Return to businesses categorizing as non-employing from employing – In 2021-22 non-employing businesses increased by 140,102 (9.9%) while total employing businesses increased by 27,544 (2.8%). Contributing to the markedly higher growth in non-employing businesses was a movement of 14,978 businesses from employing to non-employing. This movement was particularly seen from the December 2021 quarter onwards. ABS re-categorisation of a business from employing to non-employing in CABEE generally occurs when a business with a previously active Pay As You Go (PAYG) withholding tax role becomes inactive or is cancelled.
• Updates to ANZSIC coding – From June to September 2021 there was a large number of ABNs changing their ANZSIC class (43,103 ABNs at the ANZSIC class level). Of these ABNs, 87.8% (37,845 ABNs) were in Victoria. A significant number of these aligned with financial incentives offered by the Victorian Government requiring ABNs to be in defined ANZSIC classes to be eligible.

Further information about COVID-19 impacts in the 2020-21 year can be found in that year’s technical note.