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PRODUCTION AND TRADE OF MAJOR MINERALS, OIL, GAS AND PETROLEUM
MINERAL, OIL AND GAS PRODUCTION
Table 16.16 shows the quantity produced for selected minerals, oil and gas. Between 1999-2000 and 2003-04 the most significant increases in production were for manganese ore and concentrate (75%), iron ore (38%) and nickel in mine products (29%). The steady increase in iron ore and concentrate production over this period was driven by increased production in Western Australia, which accounts for 97% of Australian production.
Production of diamonds, gold, lead, ilmenite, rutile, crude oil and LPG decreased between 1999-2000 and 2003-04 with the largest falls recorded for crude oil and diamonds, 26% and 18% respectively. Diamond production changed significantly during the period with increases of 36% in 2001-02 and 4% in 2002-03; and decreases of 24% in both 2000-01 and 2003-04.
16.16 VOLUME OF MINERAL, OIL AND GAS PRODUCTION, Selected minerals, oil and gas
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| | Units | 1999-2000 | 2000-01 | 2001-02 | 2002-03 | 2003-04 | Percentage change from 1999-2000 to 2003-04 |
|
Metallic minerals | | | | | | | |
| Bauxite | Mt | 51 | 55 | 54 | 54 | 56 | 9.8 |
| Copper ore and concentrate | ’000 t | 2,340 | 2,577 | 2,590 | 2,555 | 2,340 | 0.0 |
| Gold in mine products(a) | t | 299 | 296 | 265 | 278 | 267 | -10.7 |
| Iron ore and concentrate | Mt | 160 | 176 | 185 | 198 | 221 | 38.1 |
| Lead ore and concentrate | ’000 t | 974 | 1,000 | 1,020 | 970 | 960 | -1.4 |
| Manganese ore and concentrate | ’000 t | 1,755 | 1,948 | 1,850 | 2,472 | 3,062 | 74.5 |
| Nickel in mine products(a) | ’000 t | 144 | 195 | 193 | 183 | 185 | 28.5 |
| Ilmenite | ’000 t | 2,134 | 2,092 | 1,843 | 2,069 | 1,910 | -10.5 |
| Rutile | ’000 t | 185 | 209 | 207 | 208 | 154 | -16.8 |
| Synthetic rutile | ’000 t | 566 | 650 | 612 | 673 | 696 | 23.0 |
| Titanium dioxide pigment | ’000 t | 172 | 181 | 186 | 189 | 196 | 14.0 |
| Uranium | t | 8,217 | 9,549 | 7,964 | 9,263 | 9,538 | 16.1 |
| Zinc ore and concentrates | ’000 t | 2,343 | 2,697 | 2,715 | 2,806 | 2,536 | 8.2 |
| Zircon | ’000 t | 372 | 377 | 389 | 458 | 448 | 20.4 |
Coal | | | | | | | |
| Black coal (saleable) | Mt | 239 | 258 | 273 | 275 | 286 | 19.7 |
| Brown coal | Mt | 67 | 65 | 68 | 67 | 67 | 0.0 |
Other minerals | | | | | | | |
| Diamonds | '000 ct | 29,672 | 22,475 | 30,676 | 32,006 | 24,310 | -18.1 |
| Salt | '000 t | 9,610 | 9,492 | 9,233 | 10,438 | 10,705 | 11.4 |
Oil and gas | | | | | | | |
| Crude oil and condensate | ML | 37,447 | 38,705 | 36,100 | 33,321 | 27,716 | -26.0 |
| Natural gas | Mm3 | 31,180 | 31,524 | 32,136 | 33,162 | 33,279 | 6.7 |
| LPG (naturally occurring) | ML | 4,832 | 4,056 | 4,647 | 4,681 | 4,639 | -4.0 |
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(a) 'In mine products' relates to the metal content of the mineral.
Source: ABARE, 'Australian Mineral Statistics'; ABARE, 'Australian Commodity Statistics, 2004'. |
MINERAL AND OIL PROCESSING AND TREATMENT
As few minerals, oil and gas can be directly used in the form in which they are mined, most of these undergo processing and treatment before use.
Table 16.17 shows the production of the main manufactured products of mineral and oil origin.
16.17 PRODUCTION OF PRINCIPAL MANUFACTURED PRODUCTS OF MINERAL AND OIL ORIGIN
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| | Units | 1999-2000 | 2000-01 | 2001-02 | 2002-03 | 2003-04 |
|
METALS |
|
Non-ferrous | | | | | | |
| Alumina | ’000 t | 15,037 | 16,098 | 16,417 | 16,413 | 16,796 |
| Refined aluminium | ’000 t | 1,742 | 1,788 | 1,809 | 1,855 | 1,877 |
| Refined copper | ’000 t | 477 | 517 | 561 | 537 | 458 |
| Lead bullion | ’000 t | 165 | 153 | 201 | 181 | 143 |
| Refined lead | ’000 t | 233 | 215 | 275 | 267 | 247 |
| Refined zinc | ’000 t | 405 | 534 | 572 | 570 | 502 |
| Refined tin | t | 602 | 1,039 | 829 | 708 | 553 |
Ferrous | | | | | | |
| Raw steel | ’000 t | 8,053 | 8,003 | 8,311 | 9,399 | 9,445 |
Precious | | | | | | |
| Refined gold | t | 383 | 361 | 346 | 386 | 397 |
| Refined silver | t | 543 | 532 | 616 | 672 | 619 |
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PETROLEUM |
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Petroleum products | | | | | | |
| Diesel automotive oil | ML | 12,737 | 13,212 | 13,064 | 13,335 | 12,544 |
| Industrial and marine diesel fuel | ML | 60 | 98 | 105 | 117 | 84 |
| Fuel oil | ML | 1,839 | 1,951 | 1,684 | 1,441 | 1,105 |
| Automotive gasoline | ML | 18,652 | 17,887 | 18,000 | 17,984 | 17,375 |
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BUILDING MATERIALS |
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Clay bricks | m | 1,710 | 1,441 | 1,516 | 1,639 | 1,685 |
Portland cement | ’000 t | 7,937 | 6,821 | 7,236 | 7,731 | 8,460 |
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CHEMICALS |
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Single superphosphates | ’000 t | 1,670 | 1,837 | 2,052 | 1,423 | 1,446 |
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Source: Manufacturing Production, Australia (8301.0); ABARE, 'Australian Mineral Statistics', various issues and 'Australian Commodity Statistics 2004', Department of Industry, Tourism and Resources, 'Australian Petroleum Statistics'. |
EXPORTS OF MAJOR MINERALS, OIL AND GAS
Export earnings of minerals, oil and gas from the Australian resources sector fell to $52 billion (b) in 2003-04, a decrease of $3b on the previous year. The resources sector covering minerals and energy production includes some commodities which are processed outside the mining industry (as defined by ANZSIC).
Table 16.18 provides details of the quantity and value of the main minerals, oil and gas commodities exported from Australia. In 2003-04, black coal (including coking and steaming) was the largest export earner ($11b), followed by refined gold ($6b), iron ore and pellets ($5b), crude oil and other refinery feedstock ($5b), alumina ($4b) and aluminium ($3b).
16.18 EXPORTS OF MAJOR MINERALS, OIL AND GAS, Value and quantity
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| | | 2000-01 | 2001-02 | 2002-03 | 2003-04 |
| | |
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| | Units | Quantity | $m | Quantity | $m | Quantity | $m | Quantity | $m |
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Alumina | kt | 12,721 | 4,507 | 13,091 | 4,114 | 13,168 | 3,660 | 13,572 | 3,781 |
Aluminium (ingot metal) | kt | 1,471 | 4,229 | 1,490 | 3,965 | 1,551 | 3,696 | 1,546 | 3,440 |
Coal, black | | | | | | | | | |
| Coking | Mt | 106 | 6,597 | 106 | 8,038 | 108 | 7,448 | 112 | 6,510 |
| Steaming | Mt | 88 | 4,204 | 92 | 5,294 | 100 | 4,448 | 107 | 4,372 |
Copper | kt | 694 | 2,286 | 749 | 2,159 | 687 | 2,005 | 652 | 2,172 |
Diamonds | '000 ct | 25,513 | 634 | 25,811 | 512 | 32,274 | 789 | 26,667 | 531 |
Gold, refined | t | 302 | 4,887 | 280 | 4,950 | 282 | 5,133 | 315 | 5,510 |
Iron and steel | | | | | | | | | |
| Iron ore and pellets | Mt | 157 | 4,903 | 156 | 5,160 | 181 | 5,342 | 195 | 5,272 |
| Iron and steel | kt | 2,931 | 1,484 | 3,297 | 1,484 | 3,589 | 1,855 | 3,793 | 1,682 |
Lead | kt | 672 | 637 | 731 | 729 | 735 | 657 | 688 | 726 |
Magnesia | t | 161,236 | 53 | 151,760 | 56 | 143,372 | 52 | 154,620 | 51 |
Manganese ore and concentrate | kt | 1,522 | 261 | 1,660 | 299 | 2,014 | 313 | 2,603 | 383 |
Oil and gas | | | | | | | | | |
| Crude oil and other refinery feedstock | ML | 24,044 | 8,137 | 23,936 | 6,390 | 20,950 | 6,402 | 17,526 | 5,055 |
| LNG | Mt | 8 | 2,671 | 8 | 2,613 | 8 | 2,607 | 8 | 2,174 |
| LPG | ML | 2,785 | 830 | 3,211 | 721 | 3,194 | 855 | 2,916 | 647 |
Salt | kt | 8,636 | 253 | 8,912 | 267 | 10,172 | 233 | 10,285 | 186 |
Tin | t | 9,660 | 76 | 8,026 | 49 | 5,963 | 38 | 143 | 1 |
Titanium minerals | | | | | | | | | |
| Ilmenite concentrate | kt | 1,012 | 154 | 914 | 138 | 1,020 | 135 | 783 | 82 |
| Rutile concentrate | kt | 190 | 161 | 190 | 167 | 195 | 149 | 146 | 95 |
Uranium oxide | t | 9,722 | 497 | 7,367 | 361 | 9,593 | 427 | 9,099 | 364 |
Zinc | kt | 1,456 | 1,882 | 1,488 | 1,529 | 1,548 | 1,427 | 1,369 | 1,235 |
Zircon concentrate | kt | 375 | 228 | 388 | 272 | 445 | 281 | 426 | 240 |
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Source: ABARE, 'Australian Commodity Statistics, 2004'. |
Graph 16.19 shows the value of Australia's four largest mineral and oil exports during the period 1996-97 to 2003-04. Exports of black coal, crude oil and other refinery feedstock, and iron ore and pellets have been growing, with crude oil and other refinery feedstock recording the largest increase (139%) followed by iron ore and pellets (67%) and black coal (37%). Black coal exports peaked in 2001-02 mainly as a result of an increase in unit values of coking and steaming coal exports. A similar peak was observed for the export of crude oil and other refinery feedstock although it occurred in 2000-01. Over the three years following this peak the export value of crude oil and other refinery feedstock dropped $3b.
The major markets for Australian mineral and oil exports were Japan, Republic of (South) Korea, United Kingdom, Singapore and Taiwan for the period 1989-90 to 2003-04 (graph 16.20).
Japan was consistently the main destination among the Asian countries for Australian minerals and oil, receiving 21% ($10b) of total exports in 2003-04. The main minerals and oil exported to Japan were coal, crude oil and other refinery feedstock, LPG, iron ore and pellets. Of this, coal was the most significant. In 2003-04, 59 megatonnes (Mt) of steaming coal and 41 Mt of coking coal were exported to Japan (55% and 37% respectively of total Australian exports for these commodities). In the same year, 2,079 megalitres (ML) of crude oil and other refinery feedstock, 2,109 ML of LPG and 75,353 kt of iron ore and pellets were also exported to this country. These exports respectively accounted for 12%, 72% and 39% of Australia's total exports of crude oil and other refinery feedstock, LPG and iron ore and pellets.
The Republic of (South) Korea, Singapore and Taiwan were the other main export destinations. After Japan, the Republic of (South) Korea and Taiwan were the main markets for Australia's black coal. The steaming coal sent to these destinations amounted to 16 Mt (15% of total exported steaming coal) and 10 Mt (9%) respectively in 2003-04. Iron ore and pellets, and crude oil and other refinery feedstock were also exported to the Republic of (South) Korea. Singapore was a major market for Australian crude oil and other refinery feedstock, importing 3,948 ML from Australia in 2003-04, 23% of the total volume exported.
In the period 1989-90 to 2003-04 exports to the United Kingdom had more than doubled. In 2003-04, the exports to this country were valued at $2b. Gold was the most significant mineral exported and amounted to 71 tonnes, 23% of Australia's total gold exports.
IMPORTS OF MAJOR MINERALS AND PETROLEUM
Many imported mineral and petroleum commodities have had a certain amount of manufacturing applied to their raw forms. Table 16.21 provides details of the major commodities imported in the period 2000-01 to 2003-04. In terms of value, the largest imports for 2003-04 were for crude oil and other refinery feedstock ($6.6b), followed by other refinery products ($3.4b). The major sources of Australian imports of crude oil and other refinery feedstock were Indonesia, Malaysia and Vietnam with a combined value of $3.9b (59.5% of the total import value for this commodity).
16.21 IMPORTS OF MAJOR MINERALS AND PETROLEUM, Value and quantity
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| | | 2000-01 | 2001-02 | 2002-03 | 2003-04 |
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| | Units | Quantity | $m | Quantity | $m | Quantity | $m | Quantity | $m |
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Diamonds | '000 ct | 2,598 | 249 | 2,431 | 255 | 3,218 | 302 | 2,229 | 309 |
Gold | n.a. | n.a. | 1,686 | n.a. | 2,207 | n.a. | 2,957 | n.a. | 2,541 |
Iron and steel | | | | | | | | | |
| Iron ore and pellets | kt | 4,658 | 122 | 3,880 | 104 | 4,667 | 114 | 5,417 | 140 |
| Iron and steel | kt | 896 | 923 | 1,354 | 1,099 | 1,306 | 1,226 | 1,583 | 1,353 |
Petroleum | | | | | | | | | |
| Crude oil and other refinery feedstock | ML | 26,343 | 8,753 | 27,308 | 7,458 | 27,958 | 8,610 | 23,498 | 6,594 |
| LPG | ML | 633 | 160 | 588 | 116 | 299 | 76 | 785 | 166 |
| Automotive gasoline | ML | 1,189 | 432 | 1,436 | 448 | 1,673 | 569 | 3,242 | 1,168 |
| Diesel fuel | ML | 1,129 | 438 | 1,280 | 414 | 1,627 | 561 | 3,374 | 1,133 |
| Other refinery products | ML | 902 | 463 | 2,327 | 953 | 5,194 | 1,971 | 9,762 | 3,427 |
Phosphate rock | kt | 823 | 62 | 933 | 72 | 711 | 50 | 723 | 41 |
Platinum and platinum group metals | kg | 2,158 | 30 | 1,652 | 42 | 2,319 | 64 | 2,984 | 86 |
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Source: ABARE, 'Australian Commodity Statistics, 2004'. |
Graph 16.22 shows imports of selected major minerals and petroleum during the period 1997-98 to 2003-04. The imports of crude oil and other refinery feedstock were significantly larger than the imports of other minerals particularly in 2000-01.
While the volumes of imports of crude oil and other refinery feedstock fluctuated over the period 1997-98 to 2003-04, the large changes in the value of imports between 1998-99 and 2002-03 were mainly due to significant unit value rises in 1999-2000 (up 84%) and 2000-01 (up 42%).
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