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ECONOMIC CONTRIBUTION OF THE TOURISM INDUSTRY
THE VALUE OF TOURISM PRODUCTION
The contribution of an industry to the overall production of goods and services in an economy is measured by gross value added (GVA). Information on the relationship between industry GVA and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is provided in the Industry Structure and Performance chapter.
A Tourism Satellite Account (TSA) is recognised internationally as the best method for measuring the economic contribution of tourism. Tourism GVA and GDP are the major economic aggregates derived in the TSA.
The tourism industry share of total GVA in 2003-04 was 3.5% (table 21.1). This represents the lowest point in the six-year time series, having declined from its peak of 4.3% in 1998-99. The tourism industry share for 2003-04 declined because tourism GVA grew at a much slower rate (0.3%) than the very strong growth in GVA for the whole economy (7.3%).
The high tourism share of GDP in 2000-01 was largely due to price increases in tourism services resulting from the introduction of the Goods and Services Tax (GST) and the impact of the 2000 Olympic Games. During 2001-02 and 2002-03 external events such as terrorism and the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome 'SARS' scare caused a decline in both international visitors to Australia and the willingness of Australians to travel overseas.
21.1 TOURISM SHARE OF GROSS VALUE ADDED AND GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT
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 | | Units | 1998-99 | 1999-2000 | 2000-01 | 2001-02 | 2002-03 | 2003-04 |
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| Tourism characteristic industries GVA(a) | | | | | | | |
| Travel agency and tour operator services | $m | 869 | 895 | 992 | 966 | 975 | 962 |
| Taxi transport | $m | 195 | 197 | 218 | 207 | 210 | 214 |
| Air and water transport | $m | 3,309 | 3,430 | 3,727 | 3,592 | 3,557 | 3,521 |
| Motor vehicle hiring | $m | 259 | 280 | 284 | 287 | 298 | 293 |
| Accommodation | $m | 2,551 | 2,644 | 2,775 | 2,855 | 2,917 | 2,941 |
| Cafes, restaurants and food outlets | $m | 2,362 | 2,454 | 2,501 | 2,601 | 2,689 | 2,599 |
| Total GVA of tourism characteristic industries(a) | $m | 9,546 | 9,901 | 10,498 | 10,509 | 10,646 | 10,531 |
| GVA of tourism connected industries(b) | $m | 10,795 | 11,139 | 11,572 | 11,769 | 12,152 | 12,360 |
| GVA of all other industries(c) | $m | 2,714 | 2,955 | 2,974 | 2,973 | 3,140 | 3,125 |
| Tourism GVA | $m | 23,054 | 23,994 | 25,044 | 25,250 | 25,939 | 26,016 |
| Tourism share of GVA | % | 4.3 | 4.2 | 4.1 | 3.9 | 3.8 | 3.5 |
| Net taxes on tourism products | $m | 3,213 | 3,321 | 5,817 | 5,637 | 6,041 | 5,935 |
| Tourism GDP | $m | 26,267 | 27,316 | 30,861 | 30,887 | 31,980 | 31,952 |
| Tourism share of GDP | % | 4.5 | 4.4 | 4.6 | 4.3 | 4.2 | 3.9 |
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(a) Tourism characteristic industries have at least 25% of their output consumed by visitors.
(b) Tourism connected industries are those industries not classified as characteristic that have products which are consumed by visitors in volumes which are significant.
(c) The share of GVA of all industries that provide outputs to visitors not included in characteristic or connected industries.
Source: Australian National Accounts: Tourism Satellite Account (5249.0). |
TOURISM EMPLOYMENT
The tourism industry employed 536,600 people in 2003-04 (table 21.2). The number of tourism employed people grew 4.6% between 1998-99 and 2003-04, slower than the growth in total employed people (10%) over that period. Consequently, the tourism share of total people employed fell from 5.9% in 1998-99 to 5.6% in 2003-04.
21.2 TOURISM INDUSTRY EMPLOYMENT
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| Units | 1998-99 | 1999-00 | 2000-01 | 2001-02 | 2002-03 | 2003-04 |
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| Tourism characteristic and connected industries(a) | '000 | 470.4 | 480.7 | 497.8 | 493.3 | 499.3 | 494.2 |
| All other industries(b) | '000 | 42.5 | 44.0 | 39.9 | 40.5 | 41.5 | 42.4 |
| Total tourism industry | '000 | 512.9 | 524.7 | 537.7 | 533.7 | 540.7 | 536.6 |
| Total employed persons | '000 | 8,638.4 | 8,886.6 | 9,074.3 | 9,207.4 | 9,441.4 | 9,528.0 |
| Tourism share of total employment | % | 5.9 | 5.9 | 5.9 | 5.8 | 5.7 | 5.6 |
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(a) Tourism characteristic and connected industries are those industries that have products which are consumed by visitors in volumes which are significant.
(b) The share of GVA of all industries that provide outputs to visitors not included in characteristic or connected industries.
Source: Australian National Accounts: Tourism Satellite Account (5249.0). |
TOURISM CONSUMPTION
Tourism consumption is defined as:
'...the total consumption made by a visitor or on behalf of a visitor for and during his/her trip and stay at the destination' (Explanatory Notes, Australian National Accounts: Tourism Satellite Account (5249.0)).
In 2003-04 tourism consumption was largest for long distance passenger transportation (16.5%), followed by shopping (including gifts and souvenirs) (16.0%), takeaway and restaurant meals (14.8%) and accommodation services (9.9%) (table 21.3).
However, there are some marked differences in consumption patterns by type of visitor. Long distance passenger transportation is the dominant tourism product consumed by domestic business and government (41%) and international visitors (26%). In contrast, domestic household visitor consumption is dominated by shopping (including gifts and souvenirs) (20%), and takeaway and restaurant meals (19%).
21.3 SHARE OF TOURISM CONSUMPTION ON SELECTED TOURISM PRODUCTS, By type of visitor - 2003-04
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| Households | Business/government | International | All visitors |
| % | % | % | % |
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| Long distance passenger transportation | 8.6 | 40.8 | 26.2 | 16.5 |
| Shopping (including gifts and souvenirs) | 19.8 | 0.3 | 13.2 | 16.0 |
| Takeaway and restaurant meals | 19.0 | 6.2 | 7.5 | 14.8 |
| Accommodation services | 6.7 | 20.6 | 13.6 | 9.9 |
| Food products | 9.6 | 0.6 | 7.0 | 8.0 |
| Fuel (petrol, diesel) | 7.0 | 15.7 | 1.2 | 6.6 |
| Taxi products | 0.4 | 3.1 | 0.7 | 0.8 |
| All other tourism products | 28.9 | 12.6 | 30.5 | 27.4 |
| Total | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
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Source: Australian National Accounts: Tourism Satellite Account (5249.0).
Total tourism consumption declined by 0.4% in 2003-04 after a rise of 3.0% in 2002-03. This reflects a decline in domestic travel consumption, despite an increase in consumption by international visitors. Tourism consumption by domestic households fell from $48 billion (b) to $47b in 2003-04, a decline of 1.8%. Similarly, consumption by business and government fell from $8.4b to $8.3b in 2003-04, a decrease of 1.0%. International visitor consumption rose by 4.0% to $17.3b in 2003-04.
During 2000-01 tourism consumption recorded its strongest growth of 11%. This growth mainly reflects the introduction of the GST and the impact of the 2000 Olympic Games.
INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN TOURISM
Tourism contributes significantly to Australia's export earnings. In 2003-04, international visitors consumed more than $17b worth of goods and services produced by the Australian economy (table 21.4). This represented 12% of the total exports of goods and services. While tourism exports, also described as international visitor consumption, grew quite strongly between 1998-99 and 2000-01, so did exports of other goods and services between 1999-2000 to 2000-01. However, in 2003-04 tourism exports increased by 4.0% while total exports declined by 3.3%, thus leading to an increase in the tourism share of exports.
21.4 EXPORTS OF TOURISM GOODS AND SERVICES
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| Units | 1998-99 | 1999-00 | 2000-01 | 2001-02 | 2002-03 | 2003-04 |
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| International visitor consumption | $m | 13,445 | 14,610 | 17,140 | 17,107 | 16,656 | 17,317 |
| Total exports | $m | 112,025 | 126,222 | 153,763 | 153,200 | 148,293 | 143,366 |
| Tourism share of exports | % | 12.0 | 11.6 | 11.1 | 11.2 | 11.2 | 12.1 |
| Growth in international visitor consumption | % | 5.1 | 8.7 | 17.3 | -0.2 | -2.6 | 4.0 |
| Growth in total exports | % | -1.5 | 12.7 | 21.8 | -0.4 | -3.2 | -3.3 |
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| Source: Australian National Accounts: Tourism Satellite Account (5249.0). |
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