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INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN SERVICES
International trade in services covers all services rendered by Australian residents to non-residents (exports) and by non-residents to residents (imports), where services are broadly defined as products other than tangible goods. As international trade in services covers a diverse range of activities, a variety of data sources and methods is used to compile estimates of the different service types.
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
Australia's international trade in services statistics are compiled in accordance with the International Monetary Fund's Balance of Payments Manual, fifth edition (BPM5). More information on the concepts, sources and methods used to produce Australia's international trade in services statistics is included in Balance of Payments and International Investment Position, Australia: Concepts, Sources and Methods, 1998 (5331.0).
CLASSIFICATION
The international standard for the classification of international trade in services is defined in the BPM5 framework. This framework has been further elaborated in the 'Extended Balance of Payments Services Classification', as detailed in the UN publication Manual on Statistics of International Trade in Services, 2002.
International trade in services statistics are compiled for transportation, travel, communications, construction, computer and information services, royalties and licence fees, other business services, personal, cultural and recreational services and government services. Some information is also available by partner country and state.
STATISTICAL OVERVIEW
In current price terms, Australia's international trade in services balance in 2004-05 recorded a deficit of $1.9b, an increase of $1.7b on the $0.3b deficit recorded in 2003-04. Services exports (credits) rose $1.0b (3.0%) to $35.0b and services imports (debits) rose $2.7b to $36.9b (7.8%). Table 30.30 provides details of Australia's international trade in services by service type.
The largest country contributor to the overall deficit on services was the United States of America, with a deficit of $1.7b. Deficits were recorded for most European trading partners, with Switzerland the largest at $0.6b. Australia recorded a net surplus with a number of its Asian trading partners, the largest being with Japan at $1.3b. Australia also recorded a net surplus of $0.8b with New Zealand. Tables 30.31 and 30.32 provide details of Australia's international trade in services by partner country and country groups.
30.30 INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN SERVICES, By service type
|
 | | 2000-01 | 2001-02 | 2002-03 | 2003-04 | 2004-05 |
| | $m | $m | $m | $m | $m |
|
EXPORTS |
|
| Transportation services | 8,062 | 7,665 | 7,458 | 7,602 | 8,016 |
| Passenger(a) | 7,024 | 6,664 | 6,538 | 6,772 | 7,231 |
| Freight | 1,038 | 1,001 | 920 | 830 | 785 |
| Other(a) | n.p. | n.p. | n.p. | n.p. | n.p. |
| Travel services | 15,507 | 15,645 | 15,452 | 17,108 | 17,589 |
| Business | 1,206 | 1,156 | 1,122 | 1,262 | 1,227 |
| Personal | 14,301 | 14,489 | 14,330 | 15,846 | 16,362 |
| Communications services(b) | 1,397 | 927 | 1,082 | 834 | 790 |
| Construction services | 68 | 101 | 85 | 84 | 77 |
| Insurance services | 709 | 673 | 673 | 686 | 684 |
| Financial services | 920 | 966 | 984 | 995 | 1,004 |
| Computer and information services | 826 | 981 | 1,091 | 1,125 | 1,172 |
| Royalties and licence fees | 626 | 515 | 618 | 622 | 624 |
| Other business services | 3,185 | 3,391 | 3,638 | 3,566 | 3,738 |
| Merchanting and other trade-related | 489 | 549 | 509 | 632 | 666 |
| Operational leasing | 16 | 26 | 27 | 23 | 18 |
| Miscellaneous business, professional and technical | 2,680 | 2,816 | 3,102 | 2,911 | 3,054 |
| Personal, cultural and recreational services | 1514 | 598 | 610 | 523 | 432 |
| Government services n.e.i. | 733 | 788 | 802 | 835 | 861 |
| Total | 33,547 | 32,250 | 32,493 | 33,980 | 34,987 |
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IMPORTS |
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| Transportation services | -11,352 | -10,776 | -10,960 | -11,634 | -13,176 |
| Passenger | -4,337 | -4,182 | -4,248 | -4,790 | -4,766 |
| Freight | -5,991 | -5,626 | -5,808 | -6,056 | -7,514 |
| Other | -1,024 | -968 | -904 | -788 | -896 |
| Travel services | -11,072 | -10,918 | -11,012 | -12,136 | -13,525 |
| Business | -2,786 | -2,701 | -2,677 | -2,908 | -3,017 |
| Personal | -8,286 | -8,217 | -8,335 | -9,228 | -10,508 |
| Communications services | -1,770 | -1,451 | -1,407 | -879 | -704 |
| Construction services | - | - | - | - | - |
| Insurance services | -878 | -856 | -856 | -874 | -872 |
| Financial services | -592 | -612 | -585 | -587 | -584 |
| Computer and information services | -849 | -884 | -967 | -1,009 | -1,056 |
| Royalties and license fees | -1,706 | -1,791 | -1,828 | -1,978 | -2,011 |
| Other business services | -3,069 | -3,812 | -3,746 | -3,499 | -3,242 |
| Merchanting and other trade-related | -248 | -334 | -369 | -192 | -229 |
| Operational leasing | -1,011 | -948 | -955 | -916 | -703 |
| Miscellaneous business, professional and technical | -1,810 | -2,530 | -2,422 | -2,391 | -2,310 |
| Personal, cultural and recreational services | -767 | -882 | -846 | -883 | -992 |
| Government services n.i.e. | -626 | -649 | -684 | -756 | -760 |
| Total | -32,681 | -32,631 | -32,891 | -34,235 | -36,922 |
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(a) Passenger transportation exports includes other transportation services.
(b) Communication services includes other services n.e.i.
Source: Balance of Payments and International Investment Position, Australia (5302.0). |
30.31 SERVICE EXPORTS, By country and country group(a)
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| 1999-00 | 2000-01 | 2001-02 | 2002-03 | 2003-04 |
| $m | $m | $m | $m | $m |
|
| Belgium | 95 | 111 | 115 | 137 | 140 |
| Brunei Darussalam | 19 | 21 | 34 | 27 | 32 |
| Canada | 376 | 426 | 416 | 399 | 453 |
| Central America and Caribbean | 4 | 6 | 24 | 14 | 42 |
| Chile | 11 | 13 | 16 | 10 | 12 |
| China (excl. SARs and Taiwan Prov.) | 701 | 868 | 921 | 977 | 1,187 |
| Fiji | 190 | 141 | 114 | 131 | 129 |
| France | 290 | 366 | 357 | 377 | 410 |
| Germany | 768 | 856 | 803 | 762 | 818 |
| Greece | 78 | 77 | 61 | 54 | 69 |
| Hong Kong (SAR of China) | 997 | 1,198 | 1,442 | 1,331 | 1,292 |
| India | 346 | 432 | 453 | 456 | 565 |
| Indonesia | 787 | 869 | 986 | 972 | 999 |
| Ireland | 165 | 216 | 220 | 318 | 388 |
| Italy | 271 | 294 | 238 | 252 | 218 |
| Japan | 3,324 | 3,678 | 3,453 | 3,361 | 3,300 |
| Korea, Republic of (South) | 597 | 735 | 815 | 837 | 891 |
| Malaysia | 754 | 852 | 839 | 885 | 970 |
| Mexico | 10 | 13 | 13 | 14 | 10 |
| Netherlands | 300 | 308 | 271 | 285 | 389 |
| New Zealand | 2,045 | 2,275 | 2,190 | 2,341 | 2,485 |
| Norway | 96 | 111 | 136 | 68 | 167 |
| Papua New Guinea | 379 | 388 | 353 | 296 | 316 |
| Peru | - | 23 | 33 | 33 | 38 |
| Philippines | 174 | 157 | 141 | 129 | 119 |
| Russian Federation | 56 | 73 | 63 | 45 | 61 |
| Singapore | 1,687 | 2,160 | 2,282 | 2,200 | 2,224 |
| South Africa | 183 | 219 | 183 | 236 | 247 |
| Sweden | 285 | 229 | 181 | 180 | 197 |
| Switzerland | 313 | 382 | 384 | 397 | 384 |
| Taiwan | 420 | 444 | 379 | 352 | 426 |
| Thailand | 429 | 492 | 472 | 479 | 489 |
| United Kingdom | 3,111 | 3,575 | 3,601 | 3,662 | 3,814 |
| United States of America | 4,590 | 5,854 | 4,605 | 4,756 | 4,454 |
| Vietnam | 99 | 111 | 156 | 200 | 204 |
| Africa n.e.s. | 134 | 152 | 175 | 129 | 243 |
| America n.e.s. | 296 | 182 | 136 | 155 | 160 |
| Asia n.e.s. | 949 | 1,289 | 1,359 | 1,464 | 1,578 |
| Europe n.e.s. | 672 | 968 | 782 | 870 | 936 |
| Oceania n.e.s. | 235 | 207 | 228 | 229 | 263 |
| Unallocated | 2,325 | 2,772 | 2,817 | 2,671 | 2,839 |
| Total | 28,561 | 33,543 | 32,247 | 32,491 | 33,959 |
| APEC | 17,454 | 20,651 | 19,611 | 19,748 | 19,962 |
| ASEAN | 3,959 | 4,675 | 4,913 | 4,896 | 5,040 |
| EU | 5,672 | 6,378 | 6,109 | 6,308 | 6,776 |
| OECD | 17,026 | 19,846 | 18,145 | 18,639 | 18,948 |
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(a) At the time of compilation, final country data for 2004-05 were not available for inclusion.
Source: International Trade in Goods and Services, Australia (5368.0). |
30.32 SERVICE IMPORTS, By country and country group(a)
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| 1999-00 | 2000-01 | 2001-02 | 2002-03 | 2003-04 |
| $m | $m | $m | $m | $m |
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| Belgium | -91 | -60 | -36 | -41 | -34 |
| Brunei Darussalam | -24 | -36 | -42 | -53 | -51 |
| Canada | -388 | -402 | -387 | -412 | -378 |
| Central America and Caribbean | -238 | -255 | -260 | -252 | -220 |
| Chile | -38 | -64 | -76 | -70 | -64 |
| China (excl. SARs and Taiwan Prov.) | -621 | -677 | -808 | -913 | -881 |
| Fiji | -354 | -323 | -327 | -385 | -417 |
| France | -381 | -425 | -419 | -538 | -564 |
| Germany | -885 | -1,102 | -1,273 | -1,175 | -1,192 |
| Greece | -266 | -281 | -278 | -202 | -187 |
| Hong Kong (SAR of China) | -1,287 | -1,643 | -1,967 | -1,664 | -1,586 |
| India | -193 | -221 | -217 | -205 | -239 |
| Indonesia | -525 | -552 | -634 | -523 | -511 |
| Ireland | -181 | -229 | -252 | -225 | -323 |
| Italy | -421 | -436 | -457 | -446 | -496 |
| Japan | -2,074 | -2,166 | -1,788 | -1,888 | -2,001 |
| Korea, Republic of (South) | -206 | -293 | -303 | -409 | -388 |
| Malaysia | -743 | -922 | -790 | -692 | -688 |
| Mexico | -33 | -29 | -35 | -39 | -39 |
| Netherlands | -598 | -536 | -398 | -553 | -569 |
| New Zealand | -1,546 | -1,698 | -1,650 | -1,809 | -1,723 |
| Norway | -57 | -48 | -53 | -57 | -176 |
| Papua New Guinea | -162 | -177 | -162 | -169 | -159 |
| Peru | - | -1 | -18 | -18 | -28 |
| Philippines | -171 | -184 | -169 | -181 | -205 |
| Russian Federation | -45 | -117 | -130 | -52 | -55 |
| Singapore | -1,928 | -2,244 | -2,368 | -2,450 | -2,585 |
| South Africa | -171 | -188 | -229 | -291 | -265 |
| Sweden | -82 | -102 | -73 | -86 | -71 |
| Switzerland | -702 | -924 | -1,012 | -996 | -943 |
| Taiwan | -136 | -135 | -129 | -173 | -223 |
| Thailand | -626 | -735 | -795 | -812 | -821 |
| United Kingdom | -3,675 | -3,871 | -3,676 | -3,809 | -3,821 |
| United States of America | -6,372 | -6,454 | -6,211 | -5,982 | -6,182 |
| Vietnam | -213 | -242 | -267 | -336 | -371 |
| Africa n.e.s. | -331 | -365 | -334 | -278 | -380 |
| America n.e.s. | -164 | -149 | -147 | -169 | -185 |
| Asia n.e.s. | -756 | -1,097 | -1,278 | -1,591 | -1,950 |
| Europe n.e.s. | -845 | -933 | -1,098 | -1,026 | -1,418 |
| Oceania n.e.s. | -230 | -256 | -231 | -266 | -313 |
| Unallocated | -2,240 | -2,109 | -1,855 | -1,654 | -1,549 |
| Total | -29,999 | -32,681 | -32,632 | -32,890 | -34,251 |
| APEC | -17,139 | -18,770 | -18,728 | -18,644 | -18,941 |
| ASEAN | -4,275 | -4,931 | -5,079 | -5,047 | -5,238 |
| EU | -6,933 | -7,416 | -7,210 | -7,403 | -8,000 |
| OECD | -18,580 | -19,544 | -18,768 | -19,067 | -19,877 |
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(a) At the time of compilation, final country data for 2004-05 were not available for inclusion.
Source: International Trade in Goods and Services, Australia (5368.0). |
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