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EXPLANATORY NOTES


INTRODUCTION

1 This publication presents comprehensive details of Australia's international accounts: its balance of payments and international investment position statistics.

2 The conceptual framework used in Australia's balance of payments and international investment position statistics is based on the Fifth edition of the International Monetary Fund's Balance of Payments Manual (BPM5, 1993). Descriptions of the underlying concepts and structure of the balance of payments and international investment position, and the sources, methods and terms used in compiling the estimates are presented in Balance of Payments and International Investment Position, Australia: Concepts, Sources and Methods (cat. no. 5331.0), which was released on 22 September, 1998.


SIGN CONVENTION

3 In keeping with balance of payments conventions, credit entries are shown without sign and debit items are shown as negative entries. However, references to debit items in Key points and Analysis and comments are made without regard to sign.

4 International investment position statistics follow the balance of payments sign convention. For foreign liabilities, position data and any transaction increase or other flow increase in liabilities is shown without sign. A negative sign for transactions and other flows in liabilities denotes a fall in liabilities. For foreign assets, position data and any transaction increase or other flow increase in assets is shown with a negative sign. Transactions and other flows in assets shown without sign denote a decrease in assets.

5 Movements over time are expressed as percentage changes. A minus sign means a decrease in credit entries, a decrease in debit entries, a decrease in a surplus or an increase in a deficit. The absence of a sign means an increase in credit entries, an increase in debit entries, an increase in a surplus or a decrease in a deficit.


ACCURACY AND RELIABILITY

6 The transactions recorded in the balance of payments are of many different kinds, and therefore the compilation of balance of payments and international investment position estimates entails the use of a very wide range of statistical data of varying degrees of accuracy and timeliness.

7 Care should be exercised in the use and interpretation of estimates in this publication. While every effort is made to ensure the accuracy and reliability of estimates; for the latest quarter estimates for the non-goods items are based on preliminary data from providers (using careful estimates where exact figures are unavailable) and fewer survey responses than subsequent estimates. Also, detailed investigations into reported data may be ongoing. As late returns are received, investigations are finalised and more accurate data come to hand, revisions will be made to improve the quality of these estimates.


SEASONAL ADJUSTMENT

8 The quarterly current account series in this publication are affected to some extent by seasonal influences and it is useful to recognise and take account of this element of variation.

9 The seasonally adjusted statistics in this publication use the concurrent seasonal adjustment technique and Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) Modelling to estimate factors for the current and previous quarters. Under concurrent seasonal adjustment, the estimates of seasonal factors are fine tuned as new original estimates become available each period. The seasonally adjusted estimates are subject to revisions at each reference quarter as the estimates of seasonal factors are improved. For more information on seasonal adjustment methods, see Information Paper: An Introductory Course on Time Series Analysis, Jan 2005 (cat. no. 1346.0.55.001), Time Series Analysis Frequently Asked Questions, 2003 (cat. no. 1346.0.55.002), alternatively contact the Assistant Director, Time Series Analysis on (02) 6252 6345 or e-mail <time.series.analysis@abs.gov.au>.

10 ARIMA modelling relies on the characteristics of the series being analysed to project future period data. ARIMA modelling is used on a case-by-case basis where it results in reduced revisions to seasonally adjusted series when subsequent data become available. The projected values are temporary, intermediate values, that are only used internally to improve the estimation of the seasonal factors. The projected data do not affect the original estimates and are discarded at the end of the seasonal adjustment process. The ARIMA model is assessed as part of the annual re-analysis and, following the 2008 annual re-analysis, 45 of the 54 directly seasonally adjusted trade in goods and services time series use an ARIMA model. For more information on the details of ARIMA modelling see Feature article: Use of ARIMA modelling to reduce revisions in the October 2004 issue of Australian Economic Indicators (cat. no. 1350.0).


TREND ESTIMATES

11 The trend estimates are derived by applying a 7-term Henderson moving average to the seasonally adjusted series. The 7-term Henderson average (like all Henderson averages) is symmetric, but as the end of a time series is approached, asymmetric forms of the average are applied. While the asymmetric weights enable trend estimates for recent quarters to be produced, it does result in revisions to the estimates for the most recent three quarters as additional observations become available. There may also be revisions because of changes in the original data and as a result of the re-estimation of the seasonal factors. For more information on trend estimates methods, see Information Paper: A Guide to Interpreting Time Series - Monitoring Trends (cat. no. 1349.0), alternatively contact the Assistant Director, Time Series Analysis on (02) 6252 6345 or e-mail <time.series.analysis@abs.gov.au>.


CHAIN VOLUME MEASURES

12 To enable analysis of the movement of goods and services in ‘real’ terms, estimates of chain volume measures are compiled and published each quarter. Chain volume measures are derived by deflating the original current price series by specially compiled measures of price change. The reference year for chain volume measures is the year prior to the latest complete financial year incorporated in this issue. The reference year is updated with the release of each September quarter issue of this publication. Prior to the reference year chain volume measures are non-additive, in that the component chain volume measures of an aggregate will not add through to the chain volume measure of the total aggregate. For more information on chain volume measures refer to the ABS publication Information Paper: Australian National Accounts, Introduction of Chain Volume and Price Indexes (cat. no. 5248.0), which was released on 19 March, 1998.


INDEXES

IMPLICIT PRICE DEFLATOR (IPD)

13 The quarterly implicit price deflators (IPDs) are derived by dividing current price estimates by the corresponding chain volume measures. Movements in IPDs can be greatly affected by changes in the physical composition of the aggregates and their components. The quarterly IPDs derived from seasonally adjusted data are preferred to those using original data because the seasonal adjustment process removes some of the seasonal changes in the composition of this series. However, the seasonal adjustment process itself is also a possible source of distortion.


TERMS OF TRADE

14 There are several ways of measuring the terms of trade. In the relevant Time Series Spreadsheets associated with this publication, the following index is used:
Quarterly estimates of the terms of trade shown in table 6 of this publication are derived from seasonally adjusted data.


CHAIN LASPEYRES

15 The chain Laspeyres indexes are derived by combining individual component prices with weights which reflect the average relative importance of the components in the previous year. These are then indexed to the relevant reference year. For all periods since the latest reference year, reference year weights are used.


DIRECT INVESTMENT ADJUSTMENT

16 Total assets and liabilities presented in tables 1, 2, 3, 4, 30, 31 and 32 differ from other tables in this publication which present assets and liabilities on the basis of foreign investment in Australia (FIA) and Australian investment abroad (AIA). The difference is due to the Direct investment adjustment which adjusts total foreign assets and liabilities to the net basis used for FIA and AIA. For both FIA and AIA, the adjustment is symmetrical and includes claims of Australian direct investment enterprises on direct investors abroad plus liabilities of Australian direct investors to direct investment enterprises abroad.


FOREIGN DEBT

17 Foreign debt levels as recorded in tables 30, 31 and 32 in this publication between direct investors and direct investment enterprises are recorded on a gross basis for assets and liabilities.

18 In table 32 ‘currency’ refers to the currency in which assets or liabilities are likely to be repaid, while ‘residual maturity’ refers to the time remaining until an asset or liability is due to be fully repaid. Reserve assets are not allocated by currency. All reserve assets are allocated to the repayment category ‘less than or equal to 90 days’ although a range of maturities may be involved.


INDUSTRY DATA

19 The industry categories shown are based on the Australian and New Zealand Standard Industrial Classification (ANZSIC), 1993 (1292.0). Industry statistics should be treated with some caution as they do not necessarily reflect the industry of the end use of the funds. First, the statistical unit (that is, the unit of observation and classification) generally consists of all enterprises in an enterprise group within a single resident institutional sector. The industry of this statistical unit, which may cover a broad range of activities, is determined on the basis of the predominant activity of the unit as a whole which may be quite different from the industry in which funds are used. Second, financial enterprises such as trading and merchant banks, may borrow funds as principals and then on-lend to clients in other industries.


COMMODITY BREAKDOWNS OF GENERAL MERCHANDISE

20 Commodity breakdowns of general merchandise credits are provided in table 7 (at current prices), 9 (at current prices, seasonally adjusted), 11 (chain volume measures, seasonally adjusted) and 13 (implicit price deflators, seasonally adjusted). The groupings shown are based on the United Nations' Standard International Trade Classification.

21 Commodity breakdowns of general merchandise debits are provided in table 8 (at current prices), 10 (at current prices, seasonally adjusted), 12 (chain volume measures, seasonally adjusted) and 14 (implicit price deflators, seasonally adjusted). The three broad end-use categories - Consumption goods, Capital goods and Intermediate and other merchandise goods - are based on United Nations’ Classification of Broad Economic Categories (BEC), but differ from the BEC to the extent that intermediate goods are combined with other merchandise goods. These broad end-use categories are further divided into a total of 25 SITC based commodity groupings.

22 For more information on the commodity classification of general merchandise debits and a detailed concordance between balance of payments general merchandise debits end-use categories, commodity groups, BEC and SITC, Rev 4, refer to the ABS Information Paper: Impact of introducing Revision 4 of the Standard International Trade Classification, 2008 (cat. no. 5368.0.55.010).


TOURISM RELATED SERVICES

23 The tourism related services memorandum items provide timely indicators of the movements in tourism related activities, not an absolute measure of the level of these activities. These series are not compiled on a Balance of Payments conceptual basis. However, they do provide a reasonable approximation of world tourism related activities.

24 The memorandum items have been derived by re-aggregating relevant components of the international trade in services series of the balance of payments accounts. The tourism related indicator has been derived by combining total travel services (business, education-related and other personal travel) and passenger transportation services (which includes agency fees and commission receipts for air transport).


ROUNDING

25 Discrepancies may occur between totals in this publication and the same aggregates from other sources, and between sums of component items and totals due to rounding.


RELATED PRODUCTS AND SERVICES

26 Users may also wish to refer to the following publications which can be downloaded free of charge from the ABS web site:

• International Trade in Goods and Services, Australia (cat. no. 5368.0) - monthly
• International Merchandise Imports, Australia (cat. no. 5439.0) - monthly
• International Trade Price Indexes (cat. no. 6457.0) - quarterly
• International Investment Position, Australia: Supplementary Country Statistics (cat. no. 5352.0) - annual
• Foreign Currency Exposure, Australia (cat. no. 5308.0) - irregular, issued on 22 November 2005
• Balance of Payments and International Investment Position, Australia: Concepts, Sources and Methods (cat. no. 5331.0)
• Information Paper: Quality of Australian Balance of Payments Statistics (cat. no. 5342.0), issued on 20 February 1996