4517.0 - Prisoners in Australia, 2008
ARCHIVED ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 11/12/2008
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EXPLANATORY NOTES
6 Excluded from the collection are:
7 The count of periodic detainees covers the number of persons with an active periodic detainee warrant. However, periodic detainees who have breached orders may be excluded. From 2006, Australian Capital Territory data excludes breaches of orders greater than three months. Types of facilities 8 The types of correctional facilities and programs where prisoners are held varies between the states and territories. 9 Included in the collection are:
10 Excluded from the collection are persons held in facilities administered and controlled by other agencies:
Age 11 In all states and territories except Queensland, persons remanded or sentenced to adult custody are aged 18 years and over. Persons under 18 years are treated as juveniles in most Australian courts and are only remanded or sentenced to custody in adult prisons in exceptional circumstances. In Queensland 'adult' refers to persons aged 17 years and over. DATA SOURCE 12 Statistics in this publication are derived from information on each prisoner collected by the ABS from administrative records held by corrective services agencies within each state and territory. JURISDICTION OF CUSTODY 13 Persons included in the National Prisoner Census were counted in the state or territory in which they were held in custody regardless of which state or territory imposed the sentence being served. 14 Persons sentenced to full-time custody by the Australian Capital Territory are usually held in New South Wales prisons. The Australian Capital Territory has two remand centres for unsentenced prisoners and a periodic detention centre. A new prison facility, the Alexander Maconochie Centre, was opened in September 2008 and is expected to take prisoners in early 2009. It will house persons sentenced to full-time custody. While the Australian Capital Territory commenced detaining some sentenced fine default only prisoners at their remand centre during 2000, persons sentenced to full-time custody by Australian Capital Territory courts are primarily held in New South Wales prisons. Some unsentenced persons from the Australian Capital Territory may also be held in New South Wales prisons when the capacity of the Australian Capital Territory remand centre is exceeded. 15 To provide greater understanding of the number of prisoners attributed to the Australian Capital Territory, while presenting an accurate picture of the New South Wales prisoner population, statistics relating to Australian Capital Territory prisoners in New South Wales prisons are presented as a subset of the New South Wales figures (labelled ACT in NSW). Australian Capital Territory prisoners held in the Australian Capital Territory facilities are labelled ACT in ACT. INDIGENOUS IDENTIFICATION 16 The ABS is currently evaluating the use of the ABS Indigenous identification standard in Corrective Services agencies (both custodial and community-based corrections). Whilst the ABS has published Indigenous status data in Corrective Services collections for a number of years, quality assurance is required to better understand the level of accuracy over time. 17 The quality of the Indigenous status information collected and recorded in Corrective Services agencies is assessed against the ABS Standard Indigenous Question (SIQ). The SIQ is based upon self-identification by the individual who comes into contact with Corrective Services agencies. The SIQ requires individuals to be asked “Are you of Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander origin?”. The answers to the SIQ can be ‘No’, ‘Yes, Aboriginal’, or ‘Yes, Torres Strait Islander’. If the offender is of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander origin, both responses should be identified. If an offender does not supply an answer to this question, or is not asked, the Indigenous status field should be recorded as 'not stated'. 18 As a result, the minimum output categories required in systems are:
19 For custodial corrections, current indications are that corrective services agencies in all states and territories, with the exception of Western Australia, ask the SIQ as described above. 20 There are however differences across the states and territories in relation to the recording processes for this data. In Tasmania, the Northern Territory and the Australian Capital Territory, individuals are asked the SIQ on each reception into corrective services custody, and it is mandatory to enter a response to this field in their recording systems. Victoria does not re-ask the SIQ for every subsequent involvement that an individual has with corrective services, and data may also be sourced from other justice sources. In South Australia, it is a requirement for persons to be asked a variation of the SIQ upon reception on each occasion in which they enter custody, however it is not a mandatory field in their recording system. In Queensland, it is a requirement for persons to be asked upon reception in custody. This field became mandatory within the recording system from December 2007 however the SIQ is not always re-asked for each subsequent involvement as data and identity matching takes place. New South Wales does not have Indigenous status as a mandatory field in their recording systems, and does not always re-ask the question for subsequent involvements. Western Australia does not currently comply with most components of the SIQ, only having the SIQ as a mandatory field in the system when a new record is created. IMPRISONMENT RATES 21 Imprisonment rates enable comparison of prisoner populations across states and territories. Prisoner rates are expressed per 100,000 adult population, which is in accord with international, state and territory practices. 22 Rates for the general adult population are calculated using the preliminary March 2008 Estimated Resident Population (ERP) figures (refer to table A1 in Appendix 1 and to Australian Demographic Statistics, March 2008 (cat. no. 3101.0)). 23 From the 2006 issue of this publication, the adult population figures used in the calculation of rates are for persons aged 18 years and over for all states and territories except for Queensland, where the adult population used is that of persons aged 17 years and over (see paragraph 11). For the 2004 and 2005 issues of this publication, the adult population figures used in the calculation of rates were for persons aged 18 years and over for all states and territories, except for Victoria and Queensland, where the adult population used was that of persons aged 17 years and over. In issues prior to 2004, rates for all states and territories included in this publication were calculated using adult population figures for persons aged 17 years and over. 24 Imprisonment rate data for the Australian Capital Territory are calculated on the basis of the total number of Australian Capital Territory prisoners, held in both New South Wales prisons and the Australian Capital Territory. For New South Wales, the imprisonment rate is based on the count of New South Wales prisoners, excluding Australian Capital Territory prisoners held in New South Wales prisons. Time series data have also been derived on this basis. All estimates and projections for the Australian Capital Territory exclude Jervis Bay Territory. All estimates and projections for Australia exclude the external territories of Christmas Island and the Cocos (Keeling) Islands. 25 The ERP series are revised every five years to incorporate additional information available from the latest Census of Population and Housing. Imprisonment rates presented in this issue have been calculated as follows:
26 The impact of using the rebased preliminary ERP compared to ERP based on the 2001 Census of Population and Housing at the national level is negligible. Final ERP for the 5-year intercensal period was made available in June 2008. For population estimates and information on the methodology used to produce the ERP, see Australian Demographic Statistics (cat. no. 3101.0). Indigenous imprisonment rates 27 Rates for the Indigenous adult population in this publication are based on the low series projections for 30 June 2008 (refer to table A2 in Appendix 1 and Experimental Estimates and Projections, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians, 30 June 1991 to 30 June 2009 (cat. no. 3238.0)). These projections are based on the 2001 Census of Population and Housing. New series of Indigenous population projections are scheduled for release in 2009 and will be based on the 2006 Census of Population and Housing. 28 The low series are one of two series of these projections that have been published for the years 2002 to 2009.
29 The decision to use the low series as the denominator in the calculation of Indigenous imprisonment rates from 2002, followed consultation with the National Corrective Services Statistics Advisory Group and other stakeholders. Age standardisation of imprisonment rates 30 Age standardisation is a statistical method that adjusts crude rates to account for age differences between study populations. 31 There are differences in the age distributions between Australia's Indigenous and non-Indigenous populations with the former having a much younger population. In 2001, the proportion of Indigenous people aged 18 years and over was 54.6%, compared with 75.8% of non-Indigenous people (and 75.3% of the total Australian population). The diagram below illustrates the differences in age distributions. 32 ESTIMATED RESIDENT POPULATION, AUSTRALIA - 30 JUNE 2001 33 Using crude rates to examine differences between Indigenous and non-Indigenous populations may lead to erroneous conclusions being drawn about variables that are correlated with age due to these differing age profiles. 34 By making comparisons across age groups, we know that imprisonment rates decrease in older age groups, i.e. that the imprisonment rate is correlated with age. If we compare overall imprisonment rates between Indigenous and non-Indigenous persons, it is likely that the imprisonment rate in the Indigenous population will be higher because of the larger proportion of young people in the Indigenous population. 35 Age standardised Indigenous and non-Indigenous imprisonment rates have been calculated in tables 4 and 17 of this publication. Ratios of the rates are also included in these. The standard population against which each population is age standardised is the Total Australian Estimated Resident Population at 30 June 2001. Historical rates 36 In 2005, historical imprisonment rates for reference periods prior to 2004 presented in tables 16 and 17, were recast based on the revised adult age. Indigenous imprisonment rates for 1995 to 2001 are based on Indigenous estimates benchmarked on the 2001 Census of Population and Housing. Indigenous imprisonment rates for 2002 and for subsequent years are based on Indigenous population projections using the 2001 Census of Population and Housing. CLASSIFICATIONS Australian Standard Offence Classification 37 The offence categories used for national corrective services statistics in this publication are classified to the division level of the Australian Standard Offence Classification (ASOC), 1997 (cat. no. 1234.0). A detailed listing of ASOC can be found at Appendix 2. ASOC provides a national framework for classifying offences for statistical purposes. Whilst the ABS is publishing 2008 Prisoner Census data based on ASOC, the data recorded by some corrective services agencies are still coded to the Australian National Classification of Offences (ANCO), 1985 (cat. no. 1234.0). This ANCO data is then mapped to the relevant ASOC category. Where there is no direct concordance between the two classifications, the ANCO codes have been mapped as closely as possible to the relevant ASOC categories. National Offence Index 38 The National Offence Index (NOI) is a ranking of all ASOC Groups and supplementary ASOC codes (ASOC Divisions and/or ASOC Subdivisions). This ranking is based on the concept of seriousness of offence, with a ranking of 1 relating to the ASOC code containing the most serious offence (see Appendix 3). The NOI is used to determine the most serious offence or most serious charge for all states and territories excluding New South Wales and Western Australia. Country of birth 39 Country of birth information is classified according to the Standard Australian Classification of Countries (SACC), Second Edition (cat. no. 1269.0). COUNTING METHODOLOGY Episode 40 An episode is defined as the period from an offender's latest date of reception into the custody of a corrective services agency for a particular offence(s)/charge(s) until the person is released from custody. When a prisoner breaches parole conditions and is returned to custody, a new episode is deemed to have commenced and a new reception date is provided. Differences in the application of this rule occur in Western Australia. Further detail on these differences is provided in paragraph 88. 41 In consultation with the National Corrective Services Statistics Advisory Group, the definition of episode changed from the 2003 Prisoner Census, to maximise data comparability across states and territories. There was no change to the data provided by New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia and the Northern Territory as these jurisdictions had always provided data based on the definition of an episode as outlined in paragraph 40. These jurisdictions accounted for 65% of the prisoner population in 2002. Prior to 2003, Queensland, Tasmania and the Australian Capital Territory treated persons who breached parole and returned to custody as continuing a prior episode. These jurisdictions now provide data based on the standard definition of episode. In Western Australia, as noted in the previous paragraph, there remain differences in the application of the national counting rule. As the revised definition of episode only impacts on prisoners who have breached parole, the impact of this change in definition on time series data is low at the national level. Legal status 42 The legal status of an offender is determined by the warrant(s) or court order(s) which provide the legal basis for the detention in custody of the offender. Some offenders may have more than one type of warrant issued against them; therefore it is possible for an offender to have dual status (e.g. under sentence for some offences and awaiting appeal results for others, or under sentence and awaiting deportation). The counting rules for determining the legal status of an offender are as follows:
Aggregate sentence 43 The aggregate sentence is the longest period that the convicted prisoner may be detained for the current sentenced offences in the current episode. Charges pending which are likely to extend the current episode are ignored. Where a new episode is counted when a person returns to prison from a breach of parole, the unexpired sentence of the prior episode is usually incorporated into the aggregate sentence for the new episode. Expected time to serve 44 The expected time to serve is the period of imprisonment which a convicted prisoner is expected to serve and in most cases refers to the time between the date of reception for this episode (see paragraphs 40-41) and the earliest date of release for sentenced prisoners. 45 Date of reception is defined as the date the prisoner was received into prison in a state or territory for the current episode. Counting rules for persons returning to custody from an escape attempt or parole are as follows:
46 There are some state and territory variations:
47 The minimum term is the period that must be served before the prisoner is eligible for release from custody to parole, and the difference between the maximum and minimum term is the period that will be served on parole if the prisoner is released at his or her earliest eligibility date. While parole is generally granted at the earliest eligibility date, prisoners may be denied parole for some or all of the period up to the expiry of their maximum term. For both fixed and maximum-minimum sentences, the period actually served in custody may be less than the stated time to serve where administrative mechanisms such as sentence remissions are applied. 48 The time a prisoner is expected to serve in custody depends upon the sentence(s) originally handed down, the system of remissions and the forms of parole available in the various states and territories and whether any time was spent in custody prior to reception (for example, time on remand or in police custody). The rules governing date of release are complex and differ between the states and territories. The calculation of the earliest date of release in each state and territory is described in paragraphs 49-67. New South Wales 49 In New South Wales significant legislative amendments came into force on 3 April 2000, repealing a number of Acts of Parliament which were administered by the Department of Corrective Services, namely:
50 These Acts were replaced by the following:
51 The consolidation of the sentencing legislation into two Acts was achieved with only minor changes of substance to existing law. Under current legislation a court, in setting a term of imprisonment, is required to first set a 'Non-Parole' period and then a 'Sentence' period. Alternatively a court may decline to set a 'Non-Parole' period. These sentences are referred to as 'Sentence/Non-Parole' and 'Sentence/Parole declined' sentence types respectively. 52 Those prisoners with a sentence of three years or less, being a sentence that has a non-parole period, are automatically released from custody at the expiry of the non-parole term. Those with a non-parole term greater than three years may be released by the NSW Parole Board at any time after serving the non-parole term. Victoria 53 In Victoria, the calculation of expected time to serve is based on either the non-parole period set by court or the aggregate sentence. Time spent in detention prior to the commencement of the sentence counts toward the time expected to be served under sentence. Under the provisions of the Sentencing Act 1991 (as amended), the sentencing rules in Victoria are as follows:
54 Expected time to serve is not calculated for prisoners sentenced to an Indefinite term or to Life where no minimum term has been fixed. Queensland 55 In Queensland, with the exception of sentences of indefinite length such as Life, earliest release date calculations are based on the date an offender was eligible for parole. 56 Release dates are calculated as follows:
South Australia 57 In South Australia, the Truth in Sentencing legislation implemented on 1 August 1994 changed the way in which release dates are calculated in comparison to previous years. The major changes to the sentencing legislation affected by the Truth in Sentencing were: the abolition of remissions; the requirement for prisoners with an aggregate sentence of five years or more to formally apply to the Parole Board for release on parole; the ability of the Parole Board to release prisoners with an aggregate sentence of five years or more at its discretion; and directions for the judiciary to take the abolition of remissions into account when ordering sentences. Prisoners with a non-parole period (NPP) and an aggregate sentence of less than five years continue to be paroled automatically. Release dates for prisoners are now calculated as follows:
Western Australia 58 In Western Australia, expected time to serve is determined differently depending on whether sentences are less than 12 months or sentences are 12 months or more. Sentences less than 12 months 59 For sentences less than 12 months expected time to serve is determined as follows:
Sentences 12 months or more 60 For sentences 12 months or more expected time to serve is determined as follows:
61 If EED or RRED have passed, any release date set by the Prisoners Review Board is taken into account. If the Prisoners Review Board has not set a release date but has set a review date, that review date is used. If there are no such dates, the EDR (for sentences imposed before 31 August 2003 and) or sentence expiry date (for sentences imposed on/after 31 August 2003) is used. 62 If an offender is returned to custody for breach of an early release order, the expected time to serve is calculated from the original sentence start date and days spent outside prison are deducted (see paragraph 88). Tasmania 63 In Tasmania the calculation of expected time to serve is based on the totality of the sentence liable to be served minus one-third, but shall not operate so as to reduce the sentence below three months. 64 From 1 October 2002, as a result of legislative change, the courts are required to set a term of imprisonment comprising a maximum term and a minimum term. Prior to the legislative change, the courts set a fixed term of imprisonment. Northern Territory 65 In the Northern Territory sentence remissions for new prisoners were abolished on 1 July 1996. Expected time to serve is therefore calculated as follows:
66 Following the commencement of the Sentencing (Crime of Murder) and Parole Reform Act 2003 (NT) on 11 February 2004, prisoners receiving or currently serving a mandatory life sentence for murder can now be considered for release on parole after serving 20 or 25 years. Prior to sentencing legislation amendments in 2004, prisoners sentenced for murder were given a mandatory life sentence without the possibility of receiving an earliest date of release, e.g. parole. Australian Capital Territory 67 Prisoners sentenced in the Australian Capital Territory and who are held in New South Wales prisons are subject to New South Wales calculations for date of release. Mean/median sentence length and time on remand 68 Calculations of mean and median sentence lengths and time on remand are affected by the reference period used. For the Prisoner Census, information relates to the characteristics of prisoners at a point in time (the night of 30 June), rather than the total prisoner population during the year. During a year, a large proportion of prisoners who go through the prison system serve short sentences (i.e. less than a year) or on remand for shorter periods of time, while at any point in time the majority tend to be prisoners serving longer sentences or have been on remand for long periods of time. The impact of this is that when the total population of prisoners during a year is considered, the large number of short sentences and short periods of time on remand will result in lower mean and median sentence length and time on remand values compared with means and medians calculated from point in time data. 69 Mean and median aggregate sentence length exclude indeterminate, life with a minimum and periodic detention sentences. 70 Between 1995 and 2001, prisoners who had a 'Life with minimum' sentence were not included as part of the calculation of the mean and median sentence lengths for prisoners' expected time to serve in prison. From 2002 they have been included. Their inclusion has slightly increased the mean for the expected time to serve, but has had a negligible impact on the median value for expected time to serve. MOST SERIOUS OFFENCE/CHARGE Sentenced prisoners 71 For sentenced prisoners in all states and territories except Tasmania, the Most Serious Offence (MSO) is the offence for which the prisoner has received the longest sentence in the current episode for a single count of the offence, regardless of the possible result of any appeals, and regardless of whether the sentence for that offence has actually expired at census date. Where sentences are equal, or the longest sentence cannot be determined, the MSO is the offence with the lowest (numerical) Australian Standard Offence Classification (ASOC) code. For example, if a prisoner has two offences coded at the ASOC Group level: 0711 Unlawful entry with intent, and 0412 Dangerous or negligent driving, the MSO would be allocated as 0412 Dangerous or negligent driving, as this is the lowest ASOC code. In the Northern Territory the Australian National Classification of Offences (ANCO) is used to determine MSO rather than ASOC. 72 In Tasmania, magistrates and judges have the capacity to provide global sentencing i.e. a combined sentence for all offences. An individual offence will not have an identified period of imprisonment, so it is not possible to identify the offence with the longest period of imprisonment. The MSO is therefore determined by applying the National Offence Index (NOI). 73 From 2004, the MSO for prisoners who have breached parole and returned to prison, is determined only from the breach offence and any new offence(s) committed while on parole (the original MSO is excluded from the determination). This differs in Western Australia where offences from previous episodes are considered in the selection of MSO, due to the episode definition applied by Western Australia (see paragraph 88). Unsentenced prisoners 74 Prior to 2006, all states and territories applied the Most Serious Charge (MSC) for unsentenced prisoners by determining the charge which carries the longest statutory maximum penalty. From 2006, the NOI is now used by Victoria, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania and the Australian Capital Territory. From 2007, the Northern Territory also applies the NOI. The remaining states and territories continue to apply the charge which carries the longest statutory maximum penalty. Where penalties are equal, the MSC is the charge with lowest ASOC. There are some state and territory variations:
COURT OF SENTENCE/REMAND 75 The court of sentence/remand data (available electronically) refer to whether the offender was sentenced or remanded to custody by the Supreme Court, the District or County Court or the Lower Courts such as the Magistrates' or Children's Courts. The rules adopted for coding the level of court are:
DATA COMPARABILITY AND SIGNIFICANT EVENTS 76 National corrections statistics are compiled in order to maximise comparability across states and territories. Although differences have been overcome through the introduction of national standards, some legislative, interpretive and processing differences remain. New South Wales 77 In New South Wales, the Kariong juvenile facility operates under the authority of Adult Corrective Services. These prisoners are excluded from this collection. 78 In September 2007, NSW opened the Wellington Correctional Centre. The focus of this facility is to accommodate maximum security prisoners from across NSW, as well as prisoners with lower security classifications from surrounding areas. 79 In September 2006, NSW opened the Compulsory Drug Treatment Correctional Centre (CDTCC). The CDTCC is an interagency endeavour - primarily between the Department of Corrective Services, Justice Health and the Attorney-General’s Department. A multidisciplinary team at the Centre ensures treatment, rehabilitation and reintegration of male participants who have repeatedly offended in order to support a drug dependence. 80 Amendments to the Bail Amendment (Repeat Offenders) Act 2002 restrict the availability of bail for three classes of defendant:
Victoria 81 The Judy Lazarus Transition Centre was opened in April 2007. The Centre provides a supervised pathway back into society for selected male prisoners nearing the end of their sentence. 82 In March 2006, Victoria opened Marngoneet Correctional Centre, Lara. The focus of this facility is to provide intensive treatment and offender management programs for males that have a minimum of six months of their sentence left to serve when they arrive there. The new Metropolitan Remand Centre at Ravenhall was opened in April 2006. This facility provides increased capacity to hold prisoners awaiting trial or sentencing. 83 On 1 July 2005, the Children and Young Persons (Age Jurisdiction) Act 2004 came into force in Victoria. This Act changed the definition of a child from a person under 17 years of age to a person under 18 years of age. As a consequence the definition of an adult also changed for corrective services data to a person aged 18 years and over. Data prior to 2006 includes persons aged 17 years. 84 For 2002 and previous years, when a prisoner was held on remand and then sentenced to a term of imprisonment as part of the one episode, the time on remand was considered a separate episode of imprisonment for the purposes of determining whether a prisoner had known prior adult imprisonment. This practice was inconsistent with the national counting rule for the Prisoner Census and resulted in an inflated number (and proportion) of Victoria's prisoner population with known prior adult imprisonment under sentence. From 2003 the national counting rule was adopted for recording known prior adult imprisonment in Victoria. Queensland 85 The Corrective Services Act 2006 (Qld) commenced on 26 August 2006. One key provision in the new legislation relates to the management of offenders subject to Court-ordered Parole. This new order ensures that offenders serve 100% of their sentence under supervision, either in a correctional centre or under community supervision. This new order provides courts with the power to specify a parole release date for persons who are sentenced to a term of imprisonment of 3 years or less. Technical breaches of parole orders are no longer heard by a parole board and can often result in a person serving the remainder of their original sentence in custody. Court-ordered Parole is not available to sex offenders or serious violent offenders. 86 In September 2005, Queensland implemented a new offender management system - the Integrated Offender Management System (IOMS). As a consequence prior imprisonment data were understated. The ABS imputed prior imprisonment data for 2006 and 2007 as an interim measure. During 2008 changes were implemented to the IOMS system and business processes to improve the quality of the prior imprisonment data. Comparisons to data prior to 2008 should be used with caution as the data may no longer be comparable. 87 Commencing from 2003, the prisoner census includes those prisoners who are held in community custody centres and work camps in Queensland. Western Australia 88 Where prisoners were returned to prison partly or wholly as a result of breach or suspension of early release orders, a new episode is not deemed to have commenced and the date of reception is based on the date the person originally entered into custody, prior to being released on the early release order. Therefore, time spent in prison for the original sentence has continued to be included in the calculation of expected time to serve and aggregate sentence length data and will result in a higher mean and median duration for these data items in comparison with other states and territories (see paragraph 68). In light of legislative changes effective from 31 August 2003, it is essential for Western Australia to have a continuous series of comparable information to enable the monitoring and evaluation of the impact of the new legislation, therefore it cannot comply with the current ABS counting rule. Tasmania 89 The Risdon Prison Complex in Tasmania was opened on 28 August 2006. This complex includes the Mary Hutchinson Women's Prison which was opened in May 2006. A men's maximum/ medium security facility was also built within the complex. 90 The growth in the prison population in Tasmania recorded for 2005 has primarily resulted from an increase in the number of remand receptions over the 2004-2005 period. There had been no specific policy change causing this increase in remand receptions. 91 From 2003, the most serious offence/charge data for Tasmania has been determined by the application of the National Offence Index as the longest sentence can no longer be attributed to a single offence (see paragraph 72). Northern Territory 92 In 2005, Northern Territory implemented new quality assurance processes in the extraction of their prior imprisonment data. The result of these processes has been an improvement in the quality of prior adult imprisonment under sentence data. Australian Capital Territory 93 In 2002, all periodic detainees with a current warrant were included in the census count (i.e. including those who were in breach of an order). Consequently, the periodic detainee population increased from 2002. In 2006 periodic detainees who were in breach of an order for more than three months were excluded from counts to ensure consistency with the scope of this collection. Consequently, the periodic detainee population decreased from 2006. CONFIDENTIALITY 94 Table cells containing small values have been randomly adjusted to avoid releasing confidential information. Due to this randomisation process, totals may vary slightly across tables. ADDITIONAL DATA 95 A standard set of additional tables containing state and territory equivalents of the tables in this publication is available on the ABS website. Special tabulations can be produced on request to meet individual user requirements. For further information, contact the National Centre for Crime and Justice Statistics by email through <crime.justice@abs.gov.au> or the contact person listed on the front cover of this publication. RELATED PUBLICATIONS ABS publications 96 Other ABS publications which may be of interest include:
Australian Social Trends (cat. no. 4102.0) - issued annually Australian Standard Offence Classification (cat. no. 1234.0) - irregular Corrective Services, Australia (cat. no. 4512.0) - issued quarterly Crime and Safety, Australia (cat. no. 4509.0) - irregular Criminal Courts, Australia (cat. no. 4513.0) - issued annually Experimental Estimates and Projections, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians, 30 June 1991 to 30 June 2009 (cat. no. 3238.0) General Social Survey: Summary Results, Australia (cat. no. 4159.0) - irregular Information Paper: Measuring Crime Victimisation, Australia: The Impact of Different Collection Methodologies (cat. no. 4522.0.55.001) - single issue Information Paper: National Criminal Justice Statistical Framework (cat.no. 4525.0) - single issue Information Paper: National Information Development Plan for Crime and Justice Statistics 2005 (cat. no. 4520.0) - single issue Measuring Australia's Progress (cat. no. 1370.0) - issued annually Migration, Australia (cat. no. 3412.0) Personal Fraud (cat. no. 4528.0) - irregular Personal Safety Survey, Australia (cat. no. 4906.0) - irregular Recorded Crime - Victims, Australia (cat. no. 4510.0) - issued annually Sexual Assault in Australia: A Statistical Overview (cat. no. 4523.0) - single issue Standard Australian Classification of Countries (cat. no. 1269.0) - irregular Working Papers in Econometrics and Applied Statistics: No 2003/2 Dynamics in Repeat Imprisonment: Utilising Prison Census Data (cat. no. 1351.0) 97 Current publications and other products released by the ABS are listed in the Catalogue of Publications and Products (cat. no. 1101.0). The Catalogue is available from any ABS office or the ABS website <https://www.abs.gov.au>. The ABS also issues a daily Release Advice on the website detailing products to be released in the week ahead. The Centre can be contacted by email through <crime.justice@abs.gov.au>. 98 Non-ABS sources which may be of interest include:
<http://www.crc.law.uwa.edu.au>
<http://www.dcs.nsw.gov.au>
<http://www.nt.gov.au/justice/>
<http://www.justice.vic.gov.au>
<http://www.lawlink.nsw.gov.au>
<http://www.ocsar.sa.gov.au>
<http://www.pc.gov.au/publications/index.html> Document Selection These documents will be presented in a new window.
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