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EXPLANATORY NOTES


INTRODUCTION

1 This publication presents information about prisoners held in custody in Australian prisons at 30 June 2005. A range of information is presented on the demographic and legal characteristics of prisoners such as age, sex, legal status, most serious offence and length of sentences being served.

2 The Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) has developed national standards for correctional statistics to ensure the comparability of data between states and territories. While efforts have been made to attain maximum comparability between states and territories, some problems with jurisdictional comparability remain due to different legislation and administrative recording practices in the states and territories. Further detail on these differences is provided in the Explanatory Notes paragraphs 62-73.

REFERENCE DATE

3 The National Prisoner Census is a census of all persons in the legal custody of adult corrective services in each jurisdiction as at midnight 30 June 2005.

SCOPE

4 The scope of the statistics in this publication includes all persons remanded or sentenced to adult custodial corrective services agencies in each state and territory in Australia. This includes persons held in all gazetted adult prisons in each jurisdiction but excludes persons held in facilities administered by other agencies such as Police, Immigration, and Mental Health (see Explanatory Notes, paragraphs 63-65).

5 Included in the National Prisoner Census are prisoners in the legal custody of corrective services but who, at the time of the census, were:

• absent on an authorised temporary leave permit
• absent from the correctional facility on a work release permit or program
• located in secure wards in a hospital outside the correctional facility
• periodic detainees.

• prisoners who were unlawfully absent from corrective services legal custody, e.g. escapees or prisoners who failed to return from an authorised temporary absence from a correctional facility
• prisoners whose legal custody had been transferred to another agency, e.g. police or mental health institutions.

8 In all states and territories except Victoria and Queensland, persons remanded or sentenced to adult custody are aged 18 years and over. Persons under 18 years are treated as juveniles in most Australian courts and are not remanded or sentenced to custody in adult prisons, other than in exceptional circumstances. In Victoria and Queensland 'adult' refers to persons aged 17 years and over.

DATA SOURCE

9 Statistics in this publication are derived from information on each prisoner collected by the ABS from administrative records held by corrective services agencies within each state and territory.

JURISDICTION OF CUSTODY

10 Persons included in the National Prisoner Census were counted in the state or territory in which they were held in custody regardless of which state or territory imposed the sentence being served.

11 Persons sentenced to full-time custody by the Australian Capital Territory are usually held in New South Wales prisons. The Australian Capital Territory has two remand centres for unsentenced prisoners and a periodic detention centre. While the Australian Capital Territory commenced detaining some sentenced fine default only prisoners at their remand centre during 2000, persons sentenced to full-time custody by Australian Capital Territory courts are primarily held in New South Wales prisons. Some unsentenced persons from the Australian Capital Territory may also be held in New South Wales prisons when the capacity of the Australian Capital Territory remand centre is exceeded. Data are presented in the tables based on counts of Australian Capital Territory prisoners in New South Wales prisons as a subset of the New South Wales figures (labeled ACT in NSW), and Australian Capital Territory prisoners held in the Australian Capital Territory (labeled ACT in ACT).

INDIGENOUS IDENTIFICATION

12 In all states and territories persons are asked during entry into custody whether they identify as being of Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander origin. It is uncommon for corrective services agencies to collect Indigenous status from anyone other than the individual prisoner themselves.

RATES

13 Imprisonment rates enable comparison of prisoner populations across states and territories. Prisoner rates are expressed per 100,000 adult population, which is in accord with international, state and territory practices.

14 Rates for the general adult population are calculated using the preliminary March 2005 Estimated Resident Population (ERP) figures (refer to table A1 in Appendix 1 and to Australian Demographic Statistics, March 2005 (cat. no. 3101.0)).

15 From the 2004 issue of this publication, the adult population figures used in the calculation of rates are for persons aged 18 years and over for all states and territories except for Victoria and Queensland, where the adult population used is that of persons aged 17 years and over (see paragraph 8 of these Explanatory Notes). In issues prior to 2004, rates for all states and territories included in this publication were calculated using adult population figures for persons aged 17 years and over.

Historical rates

16 Historical imprisonment rates for reference periods prior to 2004 presented in tables 15 and 16, have been recast based on the revised adult age. Historical imprisonment rates for the period 1995 to 2003 have been recast using population estimates benchmarked on the 2001 Census of Population and Housing. Historical imprisonment rates for Indigenous prisoners are determined using back cast Indigenous population estimates benchmarked on the 2001 Census of Population and Housing for 1995 to 2001, and Indigenous population projections based on the 2001 Census of Population and Housing for 2002 to 2003.

17 Imprisonment rate data for the Australian Capital Territory are calculated on the basis of the total number of Australian Capital Territory prisoners, held in both New South Wales prisons and the Australian Capital Territory. For New South Wales, the imprisonment rate is based on the count of New South Wales prisoners, excluding Australian Capital Territory prisoners held in New South Wales prisons. Time series data have also been derived on this basis. All estimates and projections for the Australian Capital Territory exclude Jervis Bay Territory. All estimates and projections for Australia exclude the external territories of Christmas Island and the Cocos (Keeling) Islands.

Indigenous imprisonment rates

18 Rates for the Indigenous adult population in this publication are based on the low series projections for 30 June 2005 (refer to table A2 in Appendix 1 and Experimental Estimates and Projections, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians, 30 June 1991 to 30 June 2009 (cat. no. 3238.0)). These projections are based on the 2001 Census of Population and Housing.

19 The low series are one of two series of these projections that have been published for the years 2002 to 2009.

• The low series assumes no 'unexplained growth' - that is, the Indigenous population recorded in the 2001 Census of Population and Housing is projected to change only as a result of births and deaths (natural increase) and, for the states and territories, as a result of interstate migration.
• The high series assumes that there will be 'unexplained growth' in the Indigenous population - that is, the Indigenous population is projected to change as a result of an unexplained component in addition to the effects of natural increase and interstate migration. The size of the unexplained component is based on the 'unexplained growth' observed between the 1996 and 2001 censuses.

Age standardisation of imprisonment rates

21 Age standardisation is a statistical method that adjusts crude rates to account for age differences between study populations.

22 There are differences in the age distributions between Australia's Indigenous and non-Indigenous populations with the former having a much younger population. In 2001, the proportion of Indigenous people aged 18 years and over was 54.6%, compared with 75.8% of non-Indigenous people (and 75.3% of the total Australian population). The diagram below illustrates the differences in age distributions.

23 ESTIMATED RESIDENT POPULATION, AUSTRALIA - 30 JUNE 2001

25 By making comparisons across age groups, we know that imprisonment rates decrease in older age groups, i.e. that the imprisonment rate is correlated with age. If we compare overall imprisonment rates between Indigenous and non-Indigenous persons, it is likely that the imprisonment rate in the Indigenous population will be higher because of the larger proportion of young people in the Indigenous population.

26 Age standardised Indigenous and non-Indigenous imprisonment rates have been calculated in table 4 and table 16 of this publication. Ratios of the rates are also included in tables 4 and 16. The standard population against which each population is age standardised is the Total Australian Estimated Resident Population at 30 June 2001.

Country of birth

27 Imprisonment rates by birthplace, presented in data cubes associated with this release, are calculated using data for June 2004 ERP by Country of Birth (from Migration, Australia (cat. no. 3412.0)). Caution should be exercised as these data have not been age standardised (refer to table A3 in Appendix 1). The adult population used in the calculation of rates is persons aged 17 years and over and are the latest available at the time of preparing this publication. Although the estimates are for a point in time one year earlier than the prisoner census counts, it is not anticipated that the difference in the reference period will have a noticeable impact on these rates.

28 Country of birth information is classified according to the Standard Classification of Countries (SACC) (cat. no. 1269.0). The published list of prisoner countries of birth does not cover all birthplaces of prisoners. The list of published birthplaces has been kept constant since 1998 to maximise time series comparison. The 1998 list was based on publishing data only for those birthplaces which had a population of 25 or more prisoners. Two additional countries of birth (Thailand and Chile) have been added to this list for 2005.

COUNTING METHODOLOGY

Episode

29 An episode is defined as the period from an offender's latest date of reception into the custody of a corrective services agency for a particular offence(s)/charge(s) until the person is released from custody. When a prisoner breaches parole conditions and is returned to custody, a new episode is deemed to have commenced and a new reception date is provided. Differences in the application of this rule occur in Western Australia. Further detail on these differences is provided in the Explanatory Notes, paragraph 69.

30 In consultation with the National Corrective Services Statistics Advisory Group, the definition of episode changed since the 2003 Prisoner Census, to maximise data comparability across states and territories. For New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia and the Northern Territory, there was no change to the data provided for the Prisoner Census collection as these jurisdictions had always provided data based on the definition of an episode as outlined. These jurisdictions accounted for 65% of the prisoner population in 2002. For Queensland, Tasmania and the Australian Capital Territory, the definition of episode had changed from data provided prior to 2003 when the definition of episode treated persons who breached parole and returned to custody as continuing a prior episode (the date of reception was the date the person originally entered into custody prior to the breach of parole). In Western Australia, as noted in the previous paragraph, there remain differences in the application of the national counting rule. As the revised definition of episode only impacts on prisoners who have breached parole, the impact of this change in definition on time series data is low at the national level.

Legal status

31 The legal status of an offender is determined by the warrant(s) or court order(s) which provide the legal basis for the detention in custody of the offender. Some offenders may have more than one type of warrant issued against them; therefore it is possible for an offender to have dual status (e.g. under sentence for some offences and awaiting appeal results for others, or under sentence and awaiting deportation). The counting rules for determining the legal status of an offender are as follows:

• If the prisoner has been sentenced for any offence then this takes precedence over any other offence(s)/charge(s) for which the prisoner is unsentenced.
• If the sentenced prisoner has appealed against all of his/her sentences then that prisoner is counted as under sentence awaiting determination of appeal. If any sentence is uncontested then this takes precedence over any offence(s) for which appeals are in progress.
• If the prisoner is convicted but as yet unsentenced for any offence then this takes precedence over any other offence(s) for which the prisoner may be on remand.
• A prisoner is counted as awaiting deportation if the prisoner is held in custody for this alone. If the prisoner is sentenced or held on remand for any other offences and is also awaiting deportation, then the other offences take precedence over the deportation warrant.

• If an offender escapes from custody and is recaptured and returned to custody, the date of reception is the date the person originally entered into custody prior to the escape.
• If parole is revoked resulting in an offender returning to custody, the date of reception is the date the person was returned to custody. That is, a new episode is deemed to have commenced.

• In Tasmania, if an offender escapes from custody and is recaptured and returned to custody, the date of reception is the date the person was returned to custody. That is, a new episode is deemed to have commenced.
• In Western Australia, if an offender is returned to prison as a result of a parole breach the date of reception is the original reception date (see Explanatory Notes, paragraph 69).

Expected time to serve

35 The expected time to serve is the period of imprisonment which a convicted prisoner is expected to serve and in most cases refers to the time between the date of reception for this episode (see Explanatory Notes, paragraphs 29-30) and the earliest date of release for sentenced prisoners.

36 The minimum term is the period that must be served before the prisoner is eligible for release from custody to parole, and the difference between the maximum and minimum term is the period that will be served on parole if the prisoner is released at his or her earliest eligibility date. While parole is generally granted at the earliest eligibility date, prisoners may be denied parole for some or all of the period up to the expiry of their maximum term. For both fixed and maximum-minimum sentences, the period actually served in custody may be less than the stated time to serve where administrative mechanisms such as sentence remissions are applied.

37 The time a prisoner is expected to serve in custody depends upon the sentence(s) originally handed down, the system of remissions and the forms of parole available in the various states and territories and whether any time was spent in custody prior to reception (for example, time on remand or in police custody). The rules governing date of release are complex and differ between the states and territories. The calculation of the earliest date of release in each state and territory is described in the Explanatory Notes, paragraphs 38-53.

New South Wales

38 In New South Wales significant legislative amendments came into force on 3 April 2000, repealing a number of Acts of Parliament which were administered by the Department of Corrective Services, namely:

• Correctional Centres Act 1952
• Sentencing Act 1989
• Periodic Detention of Prisoners Act 1981
• Home Detention Act 1996
• Community Service Orders Act 1979.

• Crimes (Sentencing Procedure) Act 1999
• Crimes (Administration of Sentences) Act 1999.

41 Those prisoners with a sentence of three years or less, being a sentence that has a non-parole period, are automatically released from custody at the expiry of the non-parole term. Those with a non-parole term greater than three years may be released by the NSW Parole Board at any time after serving the non-parole term.

Victoria

42 In Victoria, the calculation of expected time to serve is based on either the non-parole period set by court or the aggregate sentence. Time spent in detention prior to the commencement of the sentence counts toward the time expected to be served under sentence. Under the provisions of the Sentencing Act 1991 (as amended), the sentencing rules in Victoria are as follows:

• If a sentence of Life or a term of two years or more is imposed, the court must fix a period during which the offender is not eligible to be released on parole, unless it considers that the nature of the offence or the past history of the offender make the fixing of such a period inappropriate.
• If a sentence of less than two years but not less than one year is imposed, the court may set a non-parole period.
• The non-parole period must be at least six months less than the term of imprisonment and must be in respect of the aggregate sentence that the offender is liable to serve under all the sentences imposed.

Queensland

44 In Queensland, with the exception of sentences of indefinite length such as Life, earliest release date calculations are based on the date an offender was eligible for parole.

45 Release dates are calculated as follows:

• Unless otherwise specified by the court, the parole eligibility date is at half the aggregate sentence length.
• The earliest discharge date indicates when an offender might be discharged if remissions on each term of imprisonment are granted. For those prisoners ineligible for remission, this date would be the same as the full-time discharge date.
• The new Corrective Services Act 2000 (Qld) commenced on 1 July 2001. Offenders convicted of an offence that was committed on or after 1 July 2001 and sentenced to a term of imprisonment are not eligible to have that term remitted. Offenders convicted of an offence that was committed prior to the commencement of the new Act and sentenced to a term of imprisonment of two months or more are eligible to be considered for a remission of up to one-third of that term of imprisonment.
• New corrective services legislation (Section 135 of the Corrective Services Act 2000 (Qld)) enables prisoners with life sentences to apply for parole:
  • if the prisoner is serving a life sentence under the Criminal Code section 305(2)15 - once the prisoner has served 20 years or longer
  • if the prisoner is serving a life sentence under another code - once the prisoner has served 15 years.

• Where a prisoner has not had a NPP, set the earliest date of release is the aggregate sentence end date.
• Where a prisoner has a NPP and an aggregate sentence of less than five years, the earliest date of release is the end date of the NPP.

Western Australia

48 In Western Australia, expected time to serve is determined as follows:

• Where no minimum sentence is specified, the calculation is based on the total effective sentence minus one-third - known as the two-thirds time date or effective date of release (EDR) - less any special time off granted by the executive director at census date. Should there be an earlier Home Detention Eligibility Date, that date will be taken into account.
• Where a parole term has been specified the calculation is based on the minimum sentence (i.e. the Earliest Eligibility Date (EED) as presently calculated). If this date has already passed and parole was denied, the next review date or the EDR, whichever comes first, is used.
• In all cases above, should the parole board set a release date or review date prior to the EDR or EED and such date has not already passed, that date is used.
• If an offender is returned to custody for breach of parole the expected time to serve is based on the original date of reception (see Explanatory Notes, paragraph 69).

50 From 1 October 2002, as a result of legislative change, the courts are required to set a term of imprisonment comprising a maximum term and a minimum term. Prior to the legislative change, the courts set a fixed term of imprisonment.

Northern Territory

51 In the Northern Territory sentence remissions for new prisoners were abolished on 1 July 1996. Expected time to serve is therefore calculated as follows:

• Prisoners whose sentences commenced prior to 1 July 1996 will be discharged with one-third remissions or at the expiry of the non-parole period, as approved by the Northern Territory Parole Board. If the parole date has elapsed, the date eligible for remission is used (if applicable) else the full-term expiry date is used.
• Prisoners sentenced after 1 July 1996 have an expected time to serve based on their non-parole period (if this date has elapsed the EDR becomes the full-term expiry date), a fixed release date or an earliest release date based on a suspension of sentence after a set period of time.

Australian Capital Territory

53 Prisoners sentenced in the Australian Capital Territory and who are held in New South Wales prisons are subject to New South Wales calculations for date of release.

Mean/median sentence length and time on remand

54 Calculations of mean and median sentence lengths and time on remand are affected by the reference period used. For the Prisoner Census, information relates to the characteristics of prisoners at a point in time (the night of 30 June), rather than the total prisoner population during the year. During a year, a large proportion of prisoners who go through the prison system serve short sentences (i.e. less than a year) or on remand for shorter periods of time, while at any point in time the majority tend to be prisoners serving longer sentences or have been on remand for long periods of time. The impact of this is that when the total population of prisoners during a year is considered, the large number of short sentences and short periods of time on remand will result in lower mean and median sentence length and time on remand values compared with means and medians calculated from point in time data.

55 From 1994, indeterminate or periodic detention sentences have been excluded from the calculation of mean and median aggregate sentence length and expected time to serve.

56 Between 1995 and 2001, prisoners who had a 'Life with minimum' sentence were not included as part of the calculation of the mean and median sentence lengths for prisoners' expected time to serve in prison. Since 2002 they have been included. Their inclusion has slightly increased the mean for the expected time to serve, but has had a negligible impact on the median value for expected time to serve.

AUSTRALIAN STANDARD OFFENCE CLASSIFICATION

57 The offence categories used for national corrective services statistics in this publication are classified to the division level of the Australian Standard Offence Classification (ASOC), 1997 (cat. No. 1234.0). A detailed listing of ASOC can be found at Appendix A. ASOC provides a national framework for classifying offences for statistical purposes. Whilst the ABS is publishing 2005 Prisoner Census data based on ASOC, the data recorded by some corrective services agencies are still coded to according to the Australian National Classification of Offences (ANCO), 1985 (cat.no.1234.0). This ANCO data is then mapped to the relevant ASOC category. Where there is no direct concordance between the two classifications the ANCO codes have been mapped as closely as possible to the relevant ASOC categories. The ABS will continue to work with data providers to have ASOC codes used within their systems, to ensure better quality national offence data.

MOST SERIOUS OFFENCE/CHARGE

58 For sentenced prisoners in all states and territories except Tasmania, the Most Serious Offence (MSO) is the offence for which the prisoner has received the longest sentence in the current episode for a single count of the offence, regardless of the possible result of any appeals, and regardless of whether the sentence for that offence has actually expired at census date. Where sentences are equal, or the longest sentence cannot be determined, the MSO is the offence with the lowest Australian Standard Offence Classification (ASOC) code. In Tasmania the longest sentence cannot be attributed to a single offence, therefore, the MSO is determined by applying the National Offence Index (NOI). (see Explanatory Notes, paragraph 70).

59 From 2004, the MSO for prisoners who have breached parole and returned to prison, is determined only from the breach offence and any new offence(s) committed while on parole (the original MSO is excluded from the determination). This differs in Western Australia where offences from previous episodes are considered in the selection of MSO, due to the episode definition applied by Western Australia (see Explanatory Notes, paragraph 69).

60 For unsentenced prisoners, in all states and territories except Tasmania, the Most Serious Charge (MSC), whether convicted or not, is the charge which carries the longest statutory maximum penalty. Where penalties are equal, the MSC is the charge with lowest ASOC. There are some state and territory variations:

• In New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory, if a prisoner is convicted but as yet unsentenced for at least one charge, the MSC is selected from those offences for which convictions have been recorded.
• In Tasmania the MSC is always determined by applying the National Offence Index (see Explanatory Notes, paragraph 70).

• Where an episode comprises orders/sentences of various levels of court, the level of court relating to the most serious offence (MSO) is recorded.
• An appeal court is recorded when it has altered the length of sentence of the MSO/charge.
• For prisoners not under sentence, the level of court which has issued the most recent remand in custody warrant is recorded.
• Prisoners held under a Department of Immigration order or under the authority of the Parole Board are recorded as 'other'.

Types of facilities

63 The types of correctional facilities and programs where prisoners are held varies between the states and territories.

64 Included in the collection are:

• gazetted adult prisons in all jurisdictions
• periodic detention centres in New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory
• community custody centres and work outreach camps in Queensland
• cells in court complexes administered by corrective services in New South Wales
• transitional centres in New South Wales
• lock-ups in Western Australia operated by the police but designated as a prison by the Chief Executive Officer of Corrective Services
• gazetted police prisons in the Northern Territory which are administered and controlled by the Director of Corrective Services.

• police lock-ups, police prisons and cells in court complexes not administered and controlled by corrective services
• immigration detention centres
• home detention programs
• military prisons
• juvenile facilities, including those under the authority of adult corrective services.

Victoria

67 For 2002 and previous years, when a prisoner was held on remand and then sentenced to a term of imprisonment as part of the one episode, the time on remand was considered a separate episode of imprisonment for the purposes of determining whether a prisoner had known prior adult imprisonment. This practice was inconsistent with the national counting rule for the Prisoner Census and resulted in an inflated number (and proportion) of Victoria's prisoner population with known prior adult imprisonment under sentence. From 2003 the national counting rule was adopted for recording known prior adult imprisonment in Victoria.

Queensland

68 Commencing from 2003, the prisoner census includes those prisoners who are held in community custody centres and work outreach camps in Queensland.

Western Australia

69 Where prisoners were returned to prison partly or wholly as a result of breach or suspension of early release orders, a new episode is not deemed to have commenced and the date of reception is based on the date the person originally entered into custody, prior to being released on the early release order. Therefore, time spent in prison for the original sentence has continued to be included in the calculation of expected time to serve and aggregate sentence length data and will result in a higher mean and median duration for these data items in comparison with other states and territories. In light of legislative changes effective from 31 August 2003, it is essential for Western Australia to have a continuous series of comparable information to enable the monitoring and evaluation of the impact of the new legislation.

Tasmania

70 From the 2003 issue of Prisoners in Australia, Tasmanian most serious offence/charge data has been determined by the application of the National Offence Index. The NOI is a ranking of all ASOC groups and is based on the concept of seriousness. The NOI is used in the ABS criminal courts statistics.

71 The growth in the prison population in Tasmania recorded for 2005 has primarily resulted from an increase in the number of remand receptions over the 2004/2005 period. There has been no specific policy change causing this increase in remand receptions.

Northern Territory

72 In 2005 Northern Territory implemented new quality assurance processes in the extraction of their prior imprisonment data. The result of these processes has been an improvement in the quality of prior adult imprisonment under sentence data.

Australian Capital Territory

73 In 2002 all periodic detainees with a current warrant were included in the census count (i.e. including those who were in breach of an order). Consequently, the periodic detainee population increased from 2002.

CONFIDENTIALITY

74 Table cells containing small values have been randomly adjusted to avoid releasing confidential information about particular individuals.

ADDITIONAL DATA

75 A standard set of additional tables containing state and territory equivalents of the tables in this publication are available on the ABS web site. Special tabulations can be produced on request to meet individual user requirements. For further information, contact the National Centre for Crime and Justice Statistics by email through <crime.justice@abs.gov.au> or the contact person listed on the front cover of this publication.

RELATED PUBLICATIONS

ABS publications

76 Other ABS publications which may be of interest include:

Australian Demographic Statistics (cat. no. 3101.0) - issued quarterly
Australian Social Trends (cat. no. 4102.0) - issued annually
Australian Standard Offence Classification (cat. no. 1234.0) - irregular
Corrective Services, Australia (cat. no. 4512.0) - issued quarterly
Crime and Safety, Australia (cat. no. 4509.0) - irregular
Criminal Courts, Australia (cat. no. 4513.0) - issued annually (previously titled Higher Criminal Courts, Australia)
Experimental Estimates and Projections, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians, 30 June 1991 to 30 June 2009 (cat. no. 3238.0)
General Social Survey: Summary Results, Australia (cat. no. 4159.0) - irregular
Information Paper: Measuring Crime Victimisation, Australia: The Impact of Different Collection Methodologies (cat. no. 4522.0.55.001) - single issue
Information Paper: National Information Development Plan for Crime and Justice Statistics 2005 (cat. no. 4520.0) - single issue
Measuring Australia's Progress (cat. no. 1370.0) - issued annually
Migration, Australia (cat. no. 3412.0)
Recorded Crime - Victims, Australia (cat. no. 4510.0) - issued annually (previously titled Recorded Crime, Australia)
Sexual Assault in Australia: A Statistical Overview (cat. no. 4523.0) - single issue
Working Papers in Econometrics and Applied Statistics: No 2003/2 Dynamics in Repeat Imprisonment: Utilising Prison Census Data (cat. no. 1351.0)
Year Book Australia (cat. no. 1301.0) - issued annually

78 Non-ABS sources which may be of interest include:

Australian Institute of Criminology, List of Publications - irregular
<http://www.aic.gov.au>
Crime Research Centre, University of Western Australia, Crime and Justice Statistics
for Western Australia - issued bi-annually
<http://www.crc.law.uwa.edu.au>
Department of Corrective Services, New South Wales,
NSW Inmate Census - irregular
<http://www.dcs.nsw.gov.au>
Department of Justice, Northern Territory, Northern Territory Quarterly Crime and
Justice Statistics - issued quarterly
<http://www.nt.gov.au/justice/>
Department of Justice, Victoria, Statistical Profile of the Victorian Prison System
- issued annually
<http://www.justice.vic.gov.au>
NSW Bureau of Crime Statistics and Research, New South Wales Criminal Courts
Statistics - issued annually
<http://www.lawlink.nsw.gov.au>
Office of Crime Statistics and Research, South Australia, Crime and Justice in South
Australia - issued annually
<http://www.ocsar.sa.gov.au>
Steering Committee for the Review of Commonwealth/State Service Provision,
Report on Government Services - issued annually
<http://www.pc.gov.au/publications/index.html>