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EXPLANATORY NOTES
INTRODUCTION
1 This publication contains summary information on causes of death for all doctor certified deaths for Australia in 2010.
2 In order to complete a death registration, the death must be certified by either a doctor using the Medical Certificate of Cause of Death, or by a coroner. Approximately 85-90% of deaths each year are certified by a doctor. The remainder are reported to a coroner.
3 In the full Causes of Death dataset the pattern of cause distribution is impacted by the certifier type. Table 1 below presents 2009 data disaggregated by certifier type to demonstrate the chapter by chapter coverage achieved by the doctor certified dataset compared with the full Causes of Death dataset.
1 Selected underlying causes of death - 2009(a)(b) |
|
 | 2009 |
| Total (b) | Dr cert | Proportion by cause |
| Cause of death and ICD-10 code | no. | no. | % |
|
| Infectious diseases (A00-B99) | 1 821 | 1678 | 92.1 |
| Cancer (C00-D48) | 41 952 | 41142 | 98.1 |
| Blood and immunity disorders (D50-D89) | 428 | 397 | 92.8 |
| Endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases (E00-E90) | 5 867 | 5506 | 93.8 |
| Mental and behavioural disorders (F00-F99) | 6 522 | 6235 | 95.6 |
| Diseases of the nervous system (G00-G99) | 5 906 | 5569 | 94.3 |
| Diseases of the eye and adnexa (H00-H59) | 5 | 5 | np |
| Diseases of the ear and mastoid process (H60-H95) | 1 | 1 | np |
| Diseases of the heart and blood vessels (I00-I99) | 46 106 | 39395 | 85.4 |
| Diseases of the respiratory system (J00-J99) | 11 049 | 10275 | 93 |
| Diseases of the digestive system (K00-K93) | 5 011 | 4313 | 86.1 |
| Diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissue (L00-L99) | 383 | 367 | 95.8 |
| Diseases of the muscles, bones and tendons (M00-M99) | 1 078 | 967 | 89.7 |
| Diseases of the kidney and urinary system (N00-N99) | 3 405 | 3294 | 96.7 |
| Pregnancy and childbirth (O00-O99) | 7 | 3 | np |
| Conditions originating in the perinatal period (P00-P96) | 656 | 612 | 93.3 |
| Congenital and chromosomal abnormalities (Q00-Q99) | 632 | 523 | 82.8 |
| Ill-defined causes (R00-R99) | 1 045 | 339 | 32.4 |
| External causes (V01-Y98) | 8 884 | 1486 | 16.7 |
| Total doctor certified deaths | . . | 122 106 | . . |
| Total coroner certified deaths | . . | 18 654 | . . |
| Total deaths | 140 760 | 140 760 | 100 |
|
| . . not applicable |
- nil or rounded to zero (including null cells)
np not available for publication but included in totals where applicable, unless otherwise indicated |
| (a) Data cells with small numbers have been randomly assigned to protect the confidentiality of individuals. As a result, some totals will not equal the sum of their components. Cells with a zero value have not been affected by confidentialisation. |
| (b) Causes of death data for 2009 are preliminary and subject to a revisions process. See 3303.0 Causes of death, Australia, 2009 Technical Note 2: Causes of Death - Revisions Process. |
4 Reportable deaths that were certified by a coroner will be included in the full Causes of Death, Australia (cat. no. 3303.0) publication to be released in 2012. This publication will present causes of death for all deaths in 2010, whether certified by a doctor or coroner.
5 The registration of deaths is the responsibility of the eight individual state and territory Registrars of Births, Deaths and Marriages. As part of the registration process, information about the cause of death is supplied by the medical practitioner certifying the death or by a coroner. Other information about the deceased is supplied by a relative or other person acquainted with the deceased, or by an official of the institution where the death occurred. The information is provided to the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) by individual Registrars for coding and compilation into aggregate statistics. In addition, the ABS supplements this data with information from the National Coroners Information System (NCIS). The following diagram shows the process undertaken in producing cause of death statistics for Australia.
6 The data presented in this publication are also included in a spreadsheet that is available on the ABS website.
7 A Glossary is also available which provides definitions of terminology used throughout this publication.
SCOPE AND COVERAGE
8 The statistics in this publication relate to the number of doctor certified deaths that were registered, not those that actually occurred, in the years shown.
Scope of Causes of Death statistics
9 The ABS Causes of Death - Doctor Certified collection includes all doctor certified deaths that occurred and were registered in Australia, including deaths of persons whose usual residence is overseas. Deaths of Australian residents that occurred outside Australia may be registered by individual Registrars, but are not included in ABS deaths or causes of death statistics.
10 The current scope of the statistics includes:
- all deaths being registered for the first time
- deaths in Australia of temporary visitors to Australia
- deaths occurring within Australian Territorial waters
- deaths occurring in Australian Antarctic Territories or other external territories (excluding Norfolk Island)
- deaths occurring in transit (i.e. on ships or planes) if registered in the State of 'next port of call'
- deaths of Australian Nationals overseas who were employed at Australian legations and consular offices (i.e. deaths of Australian diplomats while overseas) where able to be identified
- deaths that occurred in earlier reference periods that have not been previously registered (late registrations).
11 The scope of the statistics excludes:
- still births / fetal deaths (detailed information on these deaths will be released in 2012)
- repatriation of human remains where the death occurred overseas
- deaths overseas of foreign diplomatic staff (where these are able to be identified)
- deaths occurring on Norfolk Island.
12 The scope for each reference year of death registrations includes:
- deaths registered in the reference year and received by the ABS in the reference year
- deaths registered in the reference year and received by ABS in the first quarter of the subsequent year
- deaths registered in the years prior to the reference year but not received by ABS until the reference year or the first quarter of the subsequent year, provided that these records have not been included in any statistics from earlier periods.
13 Death records received by ABS during the March quarter 2010 which were initially registered in 2010 (but for which registration was not fully completed until 2009) were assigned to the 2010 reference year. Any registrations relating to 2010 which were received by ABS from April 2011 were assigned to the 2011 reference year. Approximately 4% to 6% of deaths occurring in one year are not registered until the following year or later.
14 Prior to 2007, the scope for the reference year of the Death Registrations collection included:
- deaths registered in the reference year and received by ABS in the reference year
- deaths registered in the reference year and received by ABS in the first quarter of the subsequent year
- deaths registered during the two years prior to the reference year but not received by ABS until the reference year.
Coverage of causes of death statistics
15 Ideally, for compiling annual time series, the number of events (deaths) should be recorded and reported as those occurring within a given reference period such as a calendar year. However, due to lags in registration of events, not all deaths are registered in the year that they occur. Therefore, the occurrence event is approximated by the ABS through the addition of the event on a state/territory register of deaths. Also, some additions to the register can be delayed in being received by the ABS from a Registrar (processing or data transfer lags).
In effect there are 3 dates attributable to each death registration:
- the date of occurrence (of the death)
- the date of registration or inclusion on the State/Territory register
- the month in which the registered event is lodged with the ABS.
CLASSIFICATIONS
Socio-Demographic Classifications
16 A range of socio-demographic data are available from the ABS Causes of Death - Doctor Certified collection. Standard classifications used in the presentation of causes of death statistics include age, sex, birthplace, marital status, multiple birth and Indigenous status. Statistical standards for social and demographic variables have been developed by the ABS. Where these are not published in the Causes of Death publication or data cubes, they can be sourced on request from the ABS.
Marital Status
17 Within ABS causes of death statistics, marital status relates to registered marital status. Registered marital status refers to formally registered marriages or divorces for which the partners hold a certificate.
18 For further information about marital status refer to Family, Household and Income Unit Variables, 2005 (cat. no. 1286.0)
Geographic Classifications
Australian Standard Geographical Classification (ASGC)
19 The ASGC is an hierarchical classification system consisting of six interrelated classification structures. The ASGC provides a common framework of statistical geography and thereby enables the production of statistics which are comparable and can be spatially integrated. ABS Causes of death statistics are coded to Statistical Local Area (SLA) and can be produced for aggregates of these, for example, Statistical Division, Statistical Sub-Division and State. For further information about the ASGC refer to Australian Standard Geographical Classification (ASGC) (cat. no. 1216.0).
20 The ABS has developed a new standard classification for geography, the Australian Statistical Geography Standard (ASGS). The ASGS will be applied to causes of death data for the 2011 reference period. For further information about the ASGS refer to Australian Statistical Geography Standard (ASGS) (cat. no. 1270.0.55.001).
Standard Australian Classification of Countries (SACC)
21 The SACC groups neighbouring countries into progressively broader geographic areas on the basis of their similarity in terms of social, cultural, economic and political characteristics. ABS Causes of death statistics are coded using the SACC, as the collection includes overseas residents whose death occurred while they were in Australia, as well as Australian citizens born in overseas countries.
22 Birthplaces within Australia are coded to the state/territory level where possible. The supplementary codes contain the relevant state and territory 4-digit codes.
23 For further information about the classification, refer to Standard Australian Classification of Countries (SACC), (Second Edition) (cat. no. 1269.0).
Health Classifications
International Classification of Diseases (ICD)
24 The International Classification of Diseases (ICD) is the international standard classification for epidemiological purposes and is designed to promote international comparability in the collection, processing, classification, and presentation of causes of death statistics. The classification is used to classify diseases and causes of disease or injury as recorded on many types of medical records as well as death records. The ICD has been revised periodically to incorporate changes in the medical field. Currently ICD 10th revision is used for Australian causes of death statistics.
25 ICD-10 is a variable-axis classification meaning that the classification does not group diseases only based on anatomical sites, but also on the type of disease. Epidemiological data and statistical data are grouped according to:
- epidemic diseases
- constitutional or general diseases
- local diseases arranged by site
- developmental diseases
- injuries.
26 For example, a systemic disease such as septicaemia is grouped with infectious diseases; a disease primarily affecting one body system, such as a myocardial infarction is grouped with circulatory diseases; and a congenital condition such as spina bifida is grouped with congenital conditions.
27 For further information about the ICD refer to WHO International Classification of Diseases (ICD).
28 The ICD 10th Revision is also available online.
2010 MORTALITY CODING
29 The extensive nature of the ICD enables classification of causes of death at various levels of detail. In this publication, data is presented at the ICD-10 chapter level, as well as 3 character codes.
30 To enable the reader to see the relationship between the various summary classifications used in this publication, all tables show in brackets the ICD-10 codes which constitute the causes of death covered.
Updates to ICD-10
31 The Updating and Revision Committee (URC), a WHO advisory group on updates to ICD-10, maintains the cumulative and annual lists of approved updates to the ICD-10 classification. The updates to ICD-10 are of numerous types including addition and deletion of codes, changes to coding instructions and modification and clarification of terms.
32 The cumulative list of ICD-10 updates can be found online.
Automated coding
33 The ABS uses automated cause of death coding software (Medical Mortality Data System (MMDS). The MMDS applies ICD rules to all death records, diseases and conditions listed on the death certificate. Approximately 70-80% of records are coded using the MMDS without manual intervention.
State and Territory Data
34 Causes of death statistics for states and territories in this publication have been compiled in respect of the state or territory of usual residence of the deceased, regardless of where in Australia the death occurred and was registered. Deaths of persons usually resident overseas which occur in Australia are included in the state/territory in which their death was registered.
35 Statistics compiled on a state or territory of registration basis are available on request.
DATA QUALITY
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander deaths
36 The ABS Death Registrations collection identifies a death as being Indigenous where the deceased is identified as being of Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander origin through the death registration process. Detailed explanatory notes regarding the data quality of this variable can be found in Explanatory Notes 29-38 of the Deaths, Australia, 2010 (cat no. 3302.0) publication.
DEATHS BY TYPE OF CERTIFIER
37 For deaths registered in 2010, 87.9% were certified by a doctor. The remainder were reported to, and certified by, a coroner.
SPECIFIC ISSUES FOR 2010 DATA
38 As outlined below a number of issues should be taken into account by users when analysing the 2010 doctor certified causes of death data.
Dementia (F01,F03)
39 Since 2006, there has been a substantial increase in the number of deaths coded to Dementia (F01,F03). Updates to the coding instructions in ICD-10 has resulted in the assignment of some deaths shifting from Cerebrovascular diseases (I60-I69) to Vascular dementia (F01). In addition, changes to the Veterans’ Entitlements Act 1986 and Military Rehabilitation and Compensation Act 2004, and a subsequent promotional campaign targeted at health professionals, now allow for death from vascular dementia of veterans or members of the defence forces to be related to relevant service. This is believed to have had an effect on the number of deaths attributed to dementia.
40 Pneumonia, organism unspecified (J18)
As part of a collection wide initiative by the ABS to improve specificity of cause of death coding, in the 2008 and 2009 reference years, doctor certified deaths due to Pneumonia, organism unspecified (J18) reduced substantially. This was as a result of ABS manually interrogating conditions located in Part 2 of the medical certificate cause of death (MCCD), reallocating them to a more accurate cause of death code.
At that time, Pneumonia, organism unspecified was considered a less specific and therefore less preferred underlying cause of death when other more specific causes of death were present on the MCCD. As a result of efforts to improve underlying cause of death specificity, doctor certified deaths assigned to Pneumonia, organism unspecified decreased by over 30% from 2007 to 2008 .
In 2010 there has been a shift in this pattern. The number of doctor certified deaths assigned J18 has increased by 690 deaths or 49%. The reason for the 2010 data movement is a more consistent use of coding software decision tables throughout both coding and quality assurance processes. These decision tables provide clear rules for when Pneumonia can be selected as an underlying cause of death, in relation to the information listed in Part 2 of the MCCD.
The 2010 increase represents a return to counts observed prior to 2008. In 2007, 2,293 doctor certified deaths were assigned to J18, therefore the 2010 count for this cause of death (2,085) is considered a return to the trend which existed prior to the coding of 2008 and 2009 data.
41 Registration of Outstanding Deaths, Queensland
In November 2010, the Queensland Registrar of Births, Deaths and Marriages advised the ABS of an outstanding deaths registration initiative undertaken by the Registry. This initiative resulted in the November 2010 registration of 374 previously unregistered deaths which occurred between 1992 and 2006 (including a few for which a date of death was unknown). Of these, around three-quarters (284) were deaths of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians. For further information refer to Deaths, Australia, 2010 (cat no 3302.0) Technical Note: Registration of Outstanding Deaths, Queensland, 2010.
STANDARDISED DEATH RATES (SDR)
42 Standardised death rates (SDRs) enable the comparison of death rates between populations with different age structures by relating them to a standard population. The ABS standard populations relate to the years ending in 1 (e.g. 2001). The current standard population is all persons in the Australian population at 30 June 2001. SDRs are expressed per 1,000 or 100,000 persons.
For 2010 deaths data onwards, the ABS has implemented a new set of principles for the use of direct age standardisation in production of mortality rates. See the Deaths, Australia, 2010 (cat. no 3302.0) Explanatory Notes 39-42 and Appendix 1: Principles on the use of direct age-standardisation for further information. |
CONFIDENTIALISATION OF DATA
43 Data cells with small values have been randomly assigned to protect confidentiality. As a result some totals will not equal the sum of their components. Cells with 0 values have not been affected by confidentialisation.
EFFECTS OF ROUNDING
44 Where figures have been rounded, discrepancies may occur between totals and sums of the component items.
ABS PRODUCTS
45 ABS products and publications are available free of charge from the ABS website. Click on Statistics to gain access to the full range of ABS statistical and reference information. For details on products scheduled for release in the coming week, click on the Future Releases link on the ABS homepage.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
46 The ABS' publications draw extensively on information provided freely by individuals, businesses, governments and other organisations. The efforts of Registries of Births, Deaths and Marriages to improve the data quality, coverage and timeliness of death registration information, processes and systems are noted and valued by the ABS. Their continued cooperation is very much appreciated; without it, the wide range of statistics published by the ABS would not be available. Information received by the ABS is treated in strict confidence as required by the Census and Statistics Act 1905.
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