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International trade in services covers all services rendered by Australian residents to non-residents (exports) and by non-residents to residents (imports), where services are broadly defined as products other than tangible goods. As international trade in services cover a diverse range of activities, various data sources and methods are used to compile estimates of the different service types.
Conceptual framework
Australia's international trade in services statistics are compiled in accordance with the fifth edition of the International Monetary Fund's Balance of Payments Manual (BPM5). More information on the concepts, sources and methods used to produce Australia's international trade in services statistics is included in Balance of Payments and International Investment Position, Australia: Concepts, Sources and Methods (5331.0).
Classification
The international standard for the classification of international trade in services is defined in the BPM5 framework. This framework has been further elaborated in the 'Extended Balance of Payments Services Classification', as detailed in the UN publication Manual on Statistics of International Trade in Services.
International trade in services statistics are compiled for transportation, travel, communications, construction, computer and information services, royalties and licence fees, other business services, personal, cultural and recreational services and government services. Some information is also available by partner country and state.
Statistical overview
In current price terms, Australia's international net trade in services in 2002-03 recorded a deficit of $1.5b, an increase of $0.6b on the $0.9b deficit recorded in 2001-02. Services exports (credits) rose marginally, by $0.1b (0.5%) to $31.3b. Small rises in computer and information services and other business services were offset by a fall in travel services. Services imports (debits) increased by $0.7b to $32.8b (2.3%). Most categories recorded rises with the largest increase being $231m in other business services. Table 30.26 provides details of the international trade in services, by service type.
As shown in table 30.27, the main destinations for services exports in 2001-02 (the latest year available) were the United States of America (15%), the United Kingdom (11%), Japan (11%), Singapore (7%) and New Zealand (7%). Services exports to each of these markets fell in 2001-02, except for Singapore. The main source countries for services imports in 2001-02, as shown in table 30.28, were the United States of America (19%), the United Kingdom (11%), Singapore (7%), Hong Kong (SAR of China) (6%), Japan (5%) and New Zealand (5%). Services from Singapore have almost doubled since 1996-97 while services from Hong Kong have risen by over 50% since 1999-2000.
30.26 INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN SERVICES, By service type
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 | | 1997-98 | 1998-99 | 1999-2000 | 2000-01 | 2001-02 | 2002-03 |
| | $m | $m | $m | $m | $m | $m |
|
EXPORTS |
|
| Transportation services | 6,611 | 6,803 | 6,865 | 8,062 | 7,665 | 7,568 |
| Passenger | 5,550 | 5,604 | 5,848 | 7,024 | 6,664 | 6,643 |
| Freight | 1,061 | 1,199 | 1,017 | 1,038 | 1,001 | 925 |
| Other | n.p. | n.p. | n.p. | n.p. | n.p. | n.p. |
| Travel services | 11,540 | 11,944 | 13,139 | 15,366 | 14,775 | 14,485 |
| Business | 893 | 1,009 | 1,040 | 1,166 | 1,071 | 1,060 |
| Personal | 10,647 | 10,935 | 12,099 | 14,200 | 13,704 | 13,425 |
| Communications services | 1,361 | 1,239 | 1,475 | 1,397 | 976 | 1,057 |
| Construction services | 31 | 18 | 23 | 68 | 101 | 103 |
| Insurance services | 840 | 859 | 766 | 709 | 673 | 673 |
| Financial services | 713 | 716 | 747 | 747 | 784 | 784 |
| Computer and information services | 532 | 676 | 668 | 797 | 949 | 1,100 |
| Royalties and licence fees | 449 | 488 | 572 | 626 | 515 | 568 |
| Other business services | 2,224 | 2,552 | 2,904 | 3,185 | 3,391 | 3,566 |
| Merchanting and other trade-related | 481 | 586 | 501 | 489 | 549 | 496 |
| Operational leasing | 8 | 8 | 15 | 16 | 26 | 27 |
| Miscellaneous business, professional and technical | 1,735 | 1,958 | 2,388 | 2,680 | 2,894 | 3,043 |
| Personal, cultural and recreational services | 352 | 388 | 475 | 1,514 | 568 | 649 |
| Government services n.e.i. | 553 | 559 | 735 | 733 | 773 | 791 |
| Total | 25,206 | 26,242 | 28,369 | 33,204 | 31,200 | 31,344 |
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IMPORTS |
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| Transportation services | 9,110 | 9,367 | 10,018 | 11,352 | 10,776 | 11,000 |
| Passenger | 3,224 | 3,485 | 3,876 | 4,337 | 4,182 | 4,266 |
| Freight | 5,013 | 5,009 | 5,257 | 5,991 | 5,626 | 5,810 |
| Other | 873 | 873 | 885 | 1,024 | 968 | 924 |
| Travel services | 8,372 | 9,044 | 9,836 | 11,189 | 10,934 | 11,025 |
| Business | 2,416 | 2,239 | 2,536 | 2,854 | 2,701 | 2,677 |
| Personal | 5,956 | 6,805 | 7,300 | 8,335 | 8,233 | 8,348 |
| Communications services | 1,407 | 1,467 | 1,664 | 1,766 | 1,459 | 1,414 |
| Construction services | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Insurance services | 915 | 922 | 902 | 878 | 856 | 856 |
| Financial services | 442 | 468 | 527 | 528 | 556 | 556 |
| Computer and information services | 336 | 424 | 458 | 417 | 451 | 604 |
| Royalties and license fees | 1,519 | 1,692 | 1,805 | 1,706 | 1,791 | 1,825 |
| Other business services | 3,003 | 3,253 | 3,046 | 3,070 | 3,719 | 3,950 |
| Merchanting and other trade-related | 392 | 329 | 221 | 248 | 334 | 399 |
| Operational leasing | -864 | 1,034 | 942 | 1,011 | 948 | 975 |
| Miscellaneous business, professional and technical | 1,747 | 1,890 | 1,883 | 1,811 | 2,437 | 2,576 |
| Personal, cultural and recreational services | 702 | 756 | 808 | 767 | 865 | 882 |
| Government services n.e.i. | 592 | 633 | 649 | 626 | 649 | 684 |
| Total | 26,398 | 28,026 | 29,713 | 32,299 | 32,056 | 32,796 |
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| Source: Balance of Payments and International Investment Position, Australia (5302.0). |
30.27 SERVICE EXPORTS, By country and country group(a)
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| 1996-97 | 1997-98 | 1998-99 | 1999-2000 | 2000-01 | 2001-02 |
| $m | $m | $m | $m | $m | $m |
|
| Belgium and Luxembourg | 105 | 129 | 100 | 95 | 121 | 111 |
| Brunei Darussalam | 14 | 17 | 25 | 18 | 24 | 31 |
| Canada | 309 | 359 | 349 | 377 | 458 | 408 |
| Central America and Caribbean | 15 | 14 | 40 | 12 | 25 | 25 |
| Chile | 9 | 12 | 28 | 9 | 20 | 28 |
| China (excl. SARs and Taiwan Prov.) | 396 | 485 | 573 | 700 | 862 | 875 |
| Fiji | 62 | 122 | 149 | 192 | 146 | 113 |
| France | 207 | 191 | 265 | 290 | 396 | 343 |
| Germany | 665 | 725 | 732 | 767 | 868 | 775 |
| Greece | 49 | 60 | 64 | 78 | 83 | 54 |
| Hong Kong (SAR of China) | 1,054 | 1,033 | 964 | 985 | 1,154 | 1,460 |
| Indonesia | 1,029 | 933 | 835 | 806 | 883 | 962 |
| Ireland, Republic of | 77 | 94 | 126 | 165 | 215 | 214 |
| Italy | 244 | 251 | 288 | 271 | 310 | 228 |
| Japan | 3,688 | 3,520 | 3,253 | 3,312 | 3,609 | 3,343 |
| Korea, Republic of (South) | 927 | 614 | 449 | 598 | 727 | 780 |
| Malaysia | 733 | 774 | 659 | 769 | 856 | 807 |
| Mexico | 4 | 5 | 19 | 9 | 13 | 13 |
| Netherlands | 211 | 272 | 275 | 299 | 325 | 258 |
| New Zealand | 1,666 | 1,825 | 1,806 | 2,041 | 2,218 | 2,116 |
| Papua New Guinea | 279 | 341 | 287 | 370 | 376 | 256 |
| Philippines | 189 | 193 | 168 | 184 | 166 | 128 |
| Russian Federation | 63 | 60 | 45 | 56 | 76 | 64 |
| Singapore | 1,256 | 1,199 | 1,339 | 1,665 | 2,099 | 2,172 |
| South Africa | 177 | 167 | 217 | 176 | 222 | 169 |
| Sweden | 99 | 188 | 258 | 285 | 226 | 173 |
| Switzerland | 261 | 280 | 300 | 313 | 374 | 376 |
| Taiwan | 570 | 536 | 453 | 420 | 434 | 359 |
| Thailand | 474 | 356 | 347 | 441 | 486 | 458 |
| United Kingdom | 2,171 | 2,487 | 2,837 | 3,100 | 3,573 | 3,489 |
| United States of America | 3,220 | 4,108 | 4,351 | 4,569 | 5,042 | 4,662 |
| Vietnam | n.a. | n.a. | 103 | 96 | 102 | 162 |
| Africa n.e.s. | 103 | 122 | 114 | 134 | 146 | 150 |
| America n.e.s. | 324 | 265 | 327 | 292 | 210 | 135 |
| Asia n.e.s. | 994 | 980 | 1,023 | 1,133 | 1,366 | 1,369 |
| Europe n.e.s. | 645 | 554 | 665 | 747 | 1,021 | 1,021 |
| Oceania n.e.s. | 288 | 216 | 245 | 273 | 361 | 211 |
| International institutions | 2 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Unallocated | 1,647 | 1,719 | 2,163 | 2,321 | 2,709 | 2,904 |
| Total | 24,226 | 25,206 | 26,242 | 28,369 | 33,204 | 31,200 |
| APEC | 15,817 | 16,310 | 16,055 | 17,428 | 20,507 | 19,083 |
| ASEAN | 3,825 | 3,571 | 3,487 | 3,992 | 4,624 | 4,722 |
| EU | 4,152 | 4,678 | 5,219 | 5,667 | 6,591 | 5,911 |
| OECD | 14,371 | 15,478 | 15,780 | 16,986 | 19,992 | 17,756 |
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| (a) At the time of compilation, final country data for 2002-03 were not available for inclusion. |
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| Source: ABS web site <https://www.abs.gov.au>, International trade theme page, feature article 'International Trade in Services by Partner Country'. |
30.28 SERVICE IMPORTS, By country and country group(a)
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| 1996-97 | 1997-98 | 1998-99 | 1999-2000 | 2000-01 | 2001-02 |
| $m | $m | $m | $m | $m | $m |
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| Belgium and Luxembourg | 67 | 95 | 70 | 92 | 58 | 36 |
| Brunei Darussalam | 9 | 10 | 30 | 24 | 36 | 42 |
| Canada | 318 | 322 | 319 | 390 | 395 | 388 |
| Central America and Caribbean | 164 | 219 | 222 | 237 | 256 | 261 |
| Chile | 16 | 62 | 40 | 36 | 59 | 76 |
| China (excl. SARs and Taiwan Prov.) | 448 | 595 | 615 | 608 | 680 | 805 |
| Fiji | 179 | 248 | 318 | 354 | 322 | 323 |
| France | 288 | 393 | 351 | 380 | 428 | 419 |
| Germany | 529 | 709 | 841 | 870 | 1,149 | 1,273 |
| Greece | 212 | 237 | 234 | 268 | 285 | 279 |
| Hong Kong (SAR of China) | 1,276 | 1,255 | 1,158 | 1,273 | 1,688 | 1,957 |
| Indonesia | 707 | 682 | 583 | 525 | 576 | 638 |
| Ireland, Republic of | 140 | 178 | 153 | 181 | 230 | 252 |
| Italy | 536 | 526 | 459 | 421 | 437 | 459 |
| Japan | 1,546 | 1,285 | 1,697 | 2,010 | 2,051 | 1,750 |
| Korea, Republic of (South) | 282 | 315 | 205 | 206 | 336 | 302 |
| Malaysia | 629 | 690 | 744 | 745 | 923 | 788 |
| Mexico | 16 | 20 | 22 | 33 | 30 | 35 |
| Netherlands | 409 | 468 | 499 | 590 | 510 | 387 |
| New Zealand | 1,153 | 1,351 | 1,355 | 1,546 | 1,682 | 1,644 |
| Papua New Guinea | 174 | 226 | 150 | 162 | 179 | 160 |
| Philippines | 145 | 225 | 159 | 170 | 188 | 179 |
| Russian Federation | 79 | 62 | 57 | 43 | 157 | 126 |
| Singapore | 1,202 | 1,216 | 1,571 | 1,923 | 2,316 | 2,375 |
| South Africa | 156 | 194 | 189 | 170 | 188 | 235 |
| Sweden | 99 | 161 | 88 | 83 | 101 | 73 |
| Switzerland | 569 | 619 | 727 | 750 | 920 | 1,011 |
| Taiwan | 156 | 182 | 119 | 135 | 136 | 127 |
| Thailand | 407 | 494 | 533 | 625 | 759 | 792 |
| United Kingdom | 3,853 | 3,630 | 3,233 | 3,645 | 3,758 | 3,593 |
| United States of America | 4,956 | 5,585 | 5,602 | 6,203 | 6,440 | 5,931 |
| Vietnam | n.a. | n.a. | 278 | 214 | 248 | 265 |
| Africa n.e.s. | 164 | 184 | 269 | 424 | 370 | 337 |
| America n.e.s. | 224 | 223 | 160 | 135 | 160 | 164 |
| Asia n.e.s. | 609 | 738 | 733 | 902 | 1,145 | 1,228 |
| Europe n.e.s. | 864 | 895 | 1,021 | 907 | 982 | 1,178 |
| Oceania n.e.s. | 156 | 223 | 217 | 231 | 256 | 311 |
| International institutions | - | - | 1 | 1 | 1 | - |
| Unallocated | 1,416 | 1,895 | 3,000 | 2,198 | 1,864 | 1,858 |
| Total | 24,152 | 26,398 | 28,026 | 29,713 | 32,299 | 32,056 |
| APEC | 13,439 | 14,515 | 15,241 | 16,871 | 18,880 | 18,398 |
| ASEAN | 3,179 | 3,340 | 3,913 | 4,248 | 5,061 | 5,092 |
| EU | 6,429 | 6,856 | 6,284 | 6,880 | 7,356 | 7,317 |
| OECD | 15,569 | 16,503 | 16,499 | 18,179 | 19,367 | 18,546 |
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| (a) At the time of compilation, final country data for 2002-03 were not available for inclusion. |
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| Source: ABS web site <https://www.abs.gov.au>, International trade theme page, feature article 'International Trade in Services by Partner Country'. |
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