6527.0 - Household Expenditure Survey, Australia: User Guide, 1998-99
ARCHIVED ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 15/11/2001
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Age
Couple Two people in a registered or de facto marriage, who usually live in the same household. Dependent children
Diary A notebook in which each person aged 15 years and over who was usually resident in the selected dwelling recorded his or her daily expenditure over two weeks. Employed person A person aged 15 years and over who, during the week prior to the interview:
An employed person who, for most of his/her working hours:
Employee income The sum (prior to deductions for income tax, etc.) of:
Expenditure The cost of goods and services acquired during the reference period for private use, whether or not those goods were paid for or consumed. Expenditure is net of refunds. For example, payments for health services are net of any refunds received or expected to be received. Expenditure is classified according to the 609 detailed items of the Household Expenditure Classification. Family Two or more people, one of whom is at least 15 years of age, who are related by blood, marriage (registered or de facto), adoption, step or fostering, and who usually live in the same household. A separate family is formed for each married couple, or for each set of parent-child relationships where only one parent is present. Full-time worker An employed person who usually works 35 hours or more a week in total for all jobs. Government pensions and allowances Receipts from the government under social security and related government programs. These are classified as:
Group household A household consisting of two or more unrelated people where all people are aged 15 years and over. There are no reported couple relationships, parent-child relationships or other blood relationships in these households. Household A group of related or unrelated people who usually live in the same dwelling and make common provision for food and other essentials of living; or a lone person who makes provision for his or her own food and other essentials of living without combining with any other person. Household composition Classifies households into three broad groupings based on the number of families present (one family, multiple family and non-family). One family households are further disaggregated according to the type of family (such as couple family or one parent family) and according to the number of dependent and non-dependent children, other relatives and unrelated individuals present. Non-family households are disaggregated into lone person households and group households. Household Expenditure Classification (HEC) The expenditure classification used in the 1998-99 Household Expenditure Survey. At the most detailed level it consists of 609 items. At the broadest level it consists of 17 major expenditure groups. While the detailed classification is different from that used in the 1993-94 survey, there have been only minor changes at the major group level. Details of the classification can be found in Appendix 3. Household questionnaire Used to collect information on household characteristics, on irregular or infrequently occurring expenditure items and regular expenditure items common to all household members. Households were asked to recall expenditures over a period ranging from their last payment to two years (e.g. for house purchases). Income Regular and recurring receipts from all sources, prior to deductions for income tax, etc. Excludes lump-sum receipts, windfall gains and withdrawals from savings. Income from Own business and Other regular income can be negative. Most information about income is obtained on a current basis, though some relates to the previous financial year. Income tax This item was estimated for all households using taxation criteria for 1998-99 and the income and other characteristics of household members reported in the survey. Individual questionnaire Used to collect information from each person aged 15 years and over on individual details such as income, education and labour force status. Industry Coded for all employed people aged 15 years and over, using the Australian and New Zealand Standard Industrial Classification (ANZSIC), 1993 (Cat. no. 1292.0). Labour force status Classifies all people aged 15 years and over according to whether they were employed, unemployed or not in the labour force. Loan A loan is money advanced to a household borrower, to be repaid at a later date, usually with interest. Loans include revolving credit, hire purchase, loans from financial institutions or stores with an interest free period, lease arrangements where the good is being purchased, and loans from friends or relatives where no interest is charged but there is a commitment to repay the amount borrowed. This survey excludes business or investment loans, credit cards, store accounts, loans from friends or relatives with no repayments and no commitment to pay, and loans for less than $500. Lone person household A household consisting of a person living alone. Mortgage A mortgage is a loan which is secured on a dwelling, usually the selected dwelling. Multiple family household A household containing two or more families. Unrelated individuals may also be present. Negative expenditure Occurs if a household’s receipts for a good or service (e.g. refunds, trade-ins, sales or successful insurance claims), over a specific period, exceeds the cost of acquisitions. For example, if a household sold a car in the previous 12 months and did not buy a replacement car or they bought a less expensive car, this household would report negative expenditure on cars. Negative income Occurs if the operating costs of an unincorporated business or rental property exceed the owner’s gross receipts during the previous financial year. Non-dependent children All people aged 15 years and over who:
Non-family household Consists of unrelated people only. A non-family household can be either a person living alone or a group household. Not in the labour force People not in the categories of employed or unemployed. It includes people who were keeping house (unpaid), retired people, people engaged only in unpaid voluntary work and those who had a job but had not yet started work in it. Occupation Coded for all employed people aged 15 years and over, using the Australian Standard Classification of Occupations (ASCO), Second Edition, 1997 (Cat. no. 1220.0). One family household A household containing only one family. Unrelated individuals may also be present. One parent, one family household A one family household comprising a lone parent with at least one dependent or non-dependent child. The household may also include other relatives and unrelated individuals. Other property Any (real estate) property for which the respondent is making payments, apart from the selected dwelling and any property used primarily for business or investment purposes. Properties that are rented out for more than 3 months in the last 12 months are regarded as investment properties and are excluded. Other urban areas All urban areas which had a population of 1,000 people or more at the time of the 1996 Population Census, excluding the capital cities. Own business income The profit or loss that accrues to people as owners of, or partners in, unincorporated enterprises. Profit/loss consists of the value of the gross output of the enterprise after the deduction of operating expenses (including depreciation). Losses occur when operating expenses are greater than gross receipts and are treated as negative income. Part-time worker An employed person who usually works less than 35 hours per week. Principal source of income The source from which the person/household receives the most income. For example, if a household receives $1,000 employee income, $900 own business income and $450 property income, the principal source of income would be employee income. If the total income of the person/household is zero or negative, the principal source is undefined. Quintiles (income) Groupings that result from ranking all households in the population in ascending order according to each household’s income and then dividing the population into five equal groups. Reference person The reference person for each household is chosen by applying the selection criteria below to all usual residents aged 15 years and over from the top down until a single appropriate reference person is identified:
For example, in a couple, one family household the partner with the highest income is generally the reference person. However if both partners have the same income, the reference person is the eldest. In households containing more than one family, the reference person is selected from the primary family. The primary family is the family which contains dependent children. If there is more than one family with dependent children, or there are no dependent children present in the household, then the primary family is the first family identified during the interview. Relative standard error (RSE) The standard error expressed as a percentage of the estimate for which it was calculated. It is a measure which is independent of both the size of the sample, and the unit of measurement and as a result, can be used to compare the reliability of different estimates. The smaller an estimate’s RSE, the more likely it is that the estimate is a good proxy for that which would have been obtained if the whole population had been surveyed. Rural areas Localities with a population of less than 1,000 people at the time of the 1996 Population Census; and non-urban areas. Saving The part of household income that is not directly used up or transferred as part of household current consumption. Measures of saving cannot be validly derived from HES results. Selected dwelling The private dwelling selected in the sample for the survey see chapter 3 "Survey Methodology" (particularly the first two paragraphs) for details of types of dwellings and how they are selected for this survey. Self-employed An employed person who, for most of his/her working hours, works for his/her own unincorporated business (with or without hiring employees) or works without pay in a business operated by a relative. Standard error A measure of the likely difference between estimates obtained in a sample survey and estimates which would have been obtained if the whole population had been surveyed. The magnitude of the standard error associated with any survey is a function of sample design, sample size and population variability. Statistical division The largest spatial units of the main structure of the Australian Standard Geographical Classification (Cat. no. 1216.0). Tenure type The nature of a household’s right to occupy the dwelling in which they usually live. Tenure is determined according to whether someone in the household:
Unemployed person A person aged 15 years and over who was not employed during the week prior to the interview, had actively looked for full-time or part-time work at any time in the four weeks prior to the interview date, and would have been available to start work in the week prior to the interview. Year of arrival in Australia The year a person (born outside Australia) first arrived in Australia from another country, with the intention of staying in Australia for one year or more.
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