8112.0 - Research and Experimental Development, All Sector Summary, Australia, 2008-09 Quality Declaration 
ARCHIVED ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 11/10/2010   
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1 Gross expenditure on R&D, by sector - by industry - 2006-07 and 2008-09(a)
GOVERNMENT
BUSINESS
Commonwealth
State/territory
Total
HIGHER EDUCATION
PRIVATE NON-PROFIT
TOTAL
$'000
$'000
$'000
$'000
$'000
$'000
$'000
2008-09
Agriculture, forestry & fishing
146 319
-
-
-
-
np
np
Mining
4 242 774
-
-
-
-
-
4 242 774
Manufacturing
4 348 440
71
-
71
-
-
4 348 511
Electricity, gas, water & waste services
344 398
-
-
-
-
-
344 398
Construction
881 998
-
-
-
-
-
881 998
Wholesale trade
841 935
-
-
-
-
-
841 935
Retail trade
88 356
-
-
-
-
-
88 356
Accommodation & food services
26 782
-
-
-
-
-
26 782
Transport, postal & warehousing
234 178
-
-
-
-
-
234 178
Information media & telecommunications
828 865
1 783
280
2 063
-
-
830 928
Financial & insurance services
2 040 093
-
-
-
-
-
2 040 093
Rental, hiring & real estate services
79 691
-
-
-
-
-
79 691
Professional, scientific & technical services
2 510 330
1 524 035
254 027
1 778 062
-
695 681
4 984 073
Administrative & support services
58 600
3 100
2 871
5 971
-
np
np
Public administration & safety
9 135
720 347
531 727
1 252 074
-
-
1 261 209
Education & training
9 956
77
5 483
5 560
6 717 113
np
np
Health care & social assistance
74 908
140
339 153
339 293
-
28 460
442 661
Arts & recreation services
32 826
2 388
34 470
36 858
-
3 788
73 472
Other services
58 893
-
516
516
-
np
np
Total expenditure on R&D
16 858 477
2 251 941
1 168 527
3 420 468
6 717 113
743 907
27 739 965
2006-07(a)
Agriculture, forestry & fishing
124 132
-
-
-
-
-
124 132
Mining
2 772 885
-
-
-
-
-
2 772 885
Manufacturing
3 835 696
229
-
229
-
-
3 835 925
Electricity, gas, water & waste services
148 976
-
101
101
-
-
149 077
Construction
485 088
-
170
170
-
-
485 258
Wholesale trade
840 918
-
-
-
-
-
840 918
Retail trade
93 486
-
-
-
-
-
93 486
Accommodation & food services
np
-
-
-
-
-
np
Transport, postal & warehousing
179 975
-
-
-
-
-
179 975
Information media & telecommunications
797 693
1 281
72
1 353
-
-
799 046
Financial & insurance services
1 109 327
-
-
-
-
-
1 109 327
Rental, hiring & real estate services
39 722
-
-
-
-
-
39 722
Professional, scientific & technical services
2 015 334
1 324 084
121 473
1 445 557
-
556 301
4 017 192
Administrative & support services
70 301
2 530
-
2 530
-
-
72 831
Public administration & safety
np
714 516
594 211
1 308 727
-
-
np
Education & training
7 780
186
4 452
4 638
5 433 529
np
np
Health care & social assistance
42 046
1 017
285 502
286 519
-
38 084
366 649
Arts & recreation services
12 181
2 111
40 495
42 606
-
np
np
Other services
44 687
-
3 001
3 001
-
13 432
61 120
Total expenditure on R&D
12 639 284
2 045 954
1 049 477
3 095 431
5 433 529
608 916
21 777 160
- nil or rounded to zero (including null cells)
np not available for publication but included in totals where applicable, unless otherwise indicated
(a) 2006-07 data have been revised. See the Revisions section of the Technical Note for details.

2 Gross expenditure on R&D, by sector - by industry: proportions - 2006-07 and 2008-09(a)
GOVERNMENT
BUSINESS
Commonwealth
State/territory
Total
HIGHER EDUCATION
PRIVATE NON-PROFIT
TOTAL
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
2008-09
Agriculture, forestry & fishing
0.9
-
-
-
-
np
np
Mining
25.2
-
-
-
-
-
15.3
Manufacturing
25.8
-
-
-
-
-
15.7
Electricity, gas, water & waste services
2.0
-
-
-
-
-
1.2
Construction
5.2
-
-
-
-
-
3.2
Wholesale trade
5.0
-
-
-
-
-
3.0
Retail trade
0.5
-
-
-
-
-
0.3
Accommodation & food services
0.2
-
-
-
-
-
0.1
Transport, postal & warehousing
1.4
-
-
-
-
-
0.8
Information media & telecommunications
4.9
0.1
-
0.1
-
-
3.0
Financial & insurance services
12.1
-
-
-
-
-
7.4
Rental, hiring & real estate services
0.5
-
-
-
-
-
0.3
Professional, scientific & technical services
14.9
67.7
21.7
52.0
-
93.5
18.0
Administrative & support services
0.3
0.1
0.2
0.2
-
np
np
Public administration & safety
0.1
32.0
45.5
36.6
-
-
4.5
Education & training
0.1
-
0.5
0.2
100.0
np
np
Health care & social assistance
0.4
-
29.0
9.9
-
3.8
1.6
Arts & recreation services
0.2
0.1
2.9
1.1
-
0.5
0.3
Other services
0.3
-
-
-
-
np
np
Total expenditure on R&D
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
2006-07(a)
Agriculture, forestry & fishing
1.0
-
-
-
-
-
0.6
Mining
21.9
-
-
-
-
-
12.7
Manufacturing
30.3
-
-
-
-
-
17.6
Electricity, gas, water & waste services
1.2
-
-
-
-
-
0.7
Construction
3.8
-
-
-
-
-
2.2
Wholesale trade
6.7
-
-
-
-
-
3.9
Retail trade
0.7
-
-
-
-
-
0.4
Accommodation & food services
np
-
-
-
-
-
np
Transport, postal & warehousing
1.4
-
-
-
-
-
0.8
Information media & telecommunications
6.3
0.1
-
-
-
-
3.7
Financial & insurance services
8.8
-
-
-
-
-
5.1
Rental, hiring & real estate services
0.3
-
-
-
-
-
0.2
Professional, scientific & technical services
15.9
64.7
11.6
46.7
-
91.4
18.4
Administrative & support services
0.6
0.1
-
0.1
-
-
0.3
Public administration & safety
np
34.9
56.6
42.3
-
-
np
Education & training
0.1
-
0.4
0.1
100.0
np
np
Health care & social assistance
0.3
-
27.2
9.3
-
6.3
1.7
Arts & recreation services
0.1
0.1
3.9
1.4
-
np
np
Other services
0.4
-
0.3
0.1
-
2.2
0.3
Total expenditure on R&D
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
- nil or rounded to zero (including null cells)
np not available for publication but included in totals where applicable, unless otherwise indicated
(a) 2006-07 data have been revised. See the Revisions section of the Technical Note for details.

3 Gross expenditure on R&D, by sector - by type of expenditure - 2006-07 and 2008-09(a)
GOVERNMENT
BUSINESS
Commonwealth
State/territory
Total
HIGHER EDUCATION
PRIVATE NON-PROFIT
TOTAL
$'000
$'000
$'000
$'000
$'000
$'000
$'000
2008-09
Capital expenditure
Land, buildings & other structures
206 224
91 693
71 412
163 105
407 305
51 203
827 837
Other capital expenditure
637 984
197 929
41 352
239 281
258 553
39 784
1 175 602
Total
844 208
289 622
112 764
402 386
665 858
90 987
2 003 439
Current expenditure
Labour costs
5 749 099
1 098 115
592 364
1 690 479
2 678 028
372 151
10 489 757
Other current expenditure(b)
10 265 170
864 204
463 399
1 327 603
3 373 228
280 769
15 246 770
Total
16 014 269
1 962 319
1 055 763
3 018 082
6 051 256
652 920
25 736 527
Total expenditure on R&D
16 858 477
2 251 941
1 168 527
3 420 468
6 717 113
743 907
27 739 965
2006-07(a)
Capital expenditure
Land, buildings & other structures
101 386
51 086
63 280
114 366
172 043
31 378
419 172
Other capital expenditure
690 520
181 672
36 638
218 310
187 598
43 733
1 140 161
Total
791 906
232 758
99 918
332 676
359 640
75 111
1 559 333
Current expenditure
Labour costs
4 359 803
1 034 413
535 768
1 570 181
2 131 078
311 078
8 372 140
Other current expenditure(b)
7 487 575
778 783
413 791
1 192 574
2 942 812
222 727
11 845 688
Total
11 847 378
1 813 196
949 559
2 762 755
5 073 890
533 805
20 217 828
Total expenditure on R&D
12 639 284
2 045 954
1 049 477
3 095 431
5 433 529
608 916
21 777 160
(a) 2006-07 data have been revised. See the Revisions section of the Technical Note for details.
(b) For the Higher education sector, this includes scholarships.

4 Gross expenditure on R&D, by sector - by type of expenditure: proportions - 2006-07 and 2008-09(a)
GOVERNMENT
BUSINESS
Commonwealth
State/territory
Total
HIGHER EDUCATION
PRIVATE NON-PROFIT
TOTAL
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
2008-09
Capital expenditure
Land, buildings & other structures
1.2
4.1
6.1
4.8
6.1
6.9
3.0
Other capital expenditure
3.8
8.8
3.5
7.0
3.8
5.3
4.2
Total
5.0
12.9
9.7
11.8
9.9
12.2
7.2
Current expenditure
Labour costs
34.1
48.8
50.7
49.4
39.9
50.0
37.8
Other current expenditure(b)
60.9
38.4
39.7
38.8
50.2
37.7
55.0
Total
95.0
87.1
90.3
88.2
90.1
87.8
92.8
Total expenditure on R&D
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
2006-07(a)
Capital expenditure
Land, buildings & other structures
0.8
2.5
6.0
3.7
3.2
5.2
1.9
Other capital expenditure
5.5
8.9
3.5
7.1
3.5
7.2
5.2
Total
6.3
11.4
9.5
10.7
6.6
12.3
7.2
Current expenditure
Labour costs
34.5
50.6
51.1
50.7
39.2
51.1
38.4
Other current expenditure(b)
59.2
38.1
39.4
38.5
54.2
36.6
54.4
Total
93.7
88.6
90.5
89.3
93.4
87.7
92.8
Total expenditure on R&D
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
(a) 2006-07 data have been revised. See the Revisions section of the Technical Note for details.
(b) For the Higher education sector, this includes scholarships.

5 Gross expenditure on R&D, by sector - by source of funds - 2006-07 and 2008-09(a)
GOVERNMENT
BUSINESS
Commonwealth
State/territory
Total
HIGHER EDUCATION
PRIVATE NON-PROFIT
TOTAL
$'000
$'000
$'000
$'000
$'000
$'000
$'000
2008-09
Source of funds
Business
16 256 957
107 616
65 877
173 493
332 484
27 250
16 790 184
Commonwealth government(b)
344 630
1 955 944
151 597
2 107 541
5 647 873
284 612
8 384 656
State & local government
27 696
67 439
728 346
795 785
400 636
85 063
1 309 180
Other Australian
40 314
73 029
204 969
277 998
197 762
269 740
785 814
Overseas
188 880
47 913
17 738
65 651
138 357
77 242
470 130
Total expenditure on R&D
16 858 477
2 251 941
1 168 527
3 420 468
6 717 113
743 907
27 739 965
2006-07(a)
Source of funds
Business
11 866 454
105 863
59 501
165 364
332 844
27 505
12 392 167
Commonwealth government(b)
416 148
1 784 697
123 498
1 908 195
4 605 142
195 683
7 125 168
State & local government
71 511
47 875
655 682
703 557
209 862
76 943
1 061 873
Other Australian
43 783
71 058
190 299
261 357
128 718
246 279
680 136
Overseas
241 388
36 461
20 497
56 958
156 964
62 506
517 816
Total expenditure on R&D
12 639 284
2 045 954
1 049 477
3 095 431
5 433 529
608 916
21 777 160
(a) 2006-07 data have been revised. See the Revisions section of the Technical Note for details.
(b) For the Higher education sector, this includes General university funds as these are mainly sourced from the Commonwealth government.

6 Gross expenditure on R&D, by sector - by source of funds: proportions - 2006-07 and 2008-09(a)
GOVERNMENT
BUSINESS
Commonwealth
State/territory
Total
HIGHER EDUCATION
PRIVATE NON-PROFIT
TOTAL
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
2008-09
Source of funds
Business
96.4
4.8
5.6
5.1
4.9
3.7
60.5
Commonwealth government(b)
2.0
86.9
13.0
61.6
84.1
38.3
30.2
State & local government
0.2
3.0
62.3
23.3
6.0
11.4
4.7
Other Australian
0.2
3.2
17.5
8.1
2.9
36.3
2.8
Overseas
1.1
2.1
1.5
1.9
2.1
10.4
1.7
Total expenditure on R&D
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
2006-07(a)
Source of funds
Business
93.9
5.2
5.7
5.3
6.1
4.5
56.9
Commonwealth government(b)
3.3
87.2
11.8
61.6
84.8
32.1
32.7
State & local government
0.6
2.3
62.5
22.7
3.9
12.6
4.9
Other Australian
0.3
3.5
18.1
8.4
2.4
40.4
3.1
Overseas
1.9
1.8
2.0
1.8
2.9
10.3
2.4
Total expenditure on R&D
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
(a) 2006-07 data have been revised. See the Revisions section of the Technical Note for details
(b) For the Higher education sector, this includes General university funds as these are mainly sourced from the Commonwealth government.

7 Gross expenditure on R&D, by sector - by location(a) - 2006-07 and 2008-09(b)
GOVERNMENT
BUSINESS
Commonwealth
State/territory
Total
HIGHER EDUCATION
PRIVATE NON-PROFIT
TOTAL
$'000
$'000
$'000
$'000
$'000
$'000
$'000
2008-09
New South Wales
5 204 198
469 506
310 897
780 403
2 015 432
259 287
8 259 320
Victoria
4 121 902
554 501
256 856
811 357
1 774 909
402 305
7 110 473
Queensland
2 323 031
192 762
288 010
480 771
1 061 473
22 218
3 887 494
South Australia
932 488
308 136
132 621
440 758
505 080
2 887
1 881 213
Western Australia
3 616 593
136 649
137 955
274 605
662 123
42 595
4 595 916
Tasmania
135 795
118 523
6 759
125 282
128 652
np
np
Northern Territory
101 476
32 748
16 243
48 990
46 073
np
np
Australian Capital Territory
93 327
435 524
13 469
448 993
523 370
1 129
1 066 819
Overseas
329 667
3 592
5 717
9 309
-
np
np
Total expenditure on R&D
16 858 477
2 251 941
1 168 527
3 420 468
6 717 113
743 907
27 739 965
2006-07(b)
New South Wales
4 025 614
368 474
308 742
677 216
1 565 337
194 730
6 462 897
Victoria
3 458 242
527 560
218 605
746 166
1 414 520
335 273
5 954 200
Queensland
1 718 509
189 677
237 171
426 848
911 949
32 627
3 089 932
South Australia
844 573
301 960
115 224
417 183
395 085
3 131
1 659 972
Western Australia
2 080 780
98 285
126 174
224 459
544 816
34 487
2 884 542
Tasmania
105 078
113 052
9 842
122 894
101 372
np
np
Northern Territory
108 760
18 360
27 542
45 902
41 873
np
np
Australian Capital Territory
94 020
423 100
3 653
426 753
458 578
np
np
Overseas
203 708
5 486
2 525
8 011
-
np
np
Total expenditure on R&D
12 639 284
2 045 954
1 049 477
3 095 431
5 433 529
608 916
21 777 160
- nil or rounded to zero (including null cells)
np not available for publication but included in totals where applicable, unless otherwise indicated
(a) See Explanatory Note 10 for details.
(b) 2006-07 data have been revised. See the Revisions section of the Technical Note for details.

8 Gross expenditure on R&D, by sector - by location(a): proportions - 2006-07 and 2008-09(b)
GOVERNMENT
BUSINESS
Commonwealth
State/territory
Total
HIGHER EDUCATION
PRIVATE NON-PROFIT
TOTAL
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
2008-09
New South Wales
30.9
20.8
26.6
22.8
30.0
34.9
29.8
Victoria
24.5
24.6
22.0
23.7
26.4
54.1
25.6
Queensland
13.8
8.6
24.6
14.1
15.8
3.0
14.0
South Australia
5.5
13.7
11.3
12.9
7.5
0.4
6.8
Western Australia
21.5
6.1
11.8
8.0
9.9
5.7
16.6
Tasmania
0.8
5.3
0.6
3.7
1.9
np
np
Northern Territory
0.6
1.5
1.4
1.4
0.7
np
np
Australian Capital Territory
0.6
19.3
1.2
13.1
7.8
0.2
3.8
Overseas
2.0
0.2
0.5
0.3
-
np
np
Total expenditure on R&D
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
2006-07(b)
New South Wales
31.9
18.0
29.4
21.9
28.8
32.0
29.7
Victoria
27.4
25.8
20.8
24.1
26.0
55.1
27.3
Queensland
13.6
9.3
22.6
13.8
16.8
5.4
14.2
South Australia
6.7
14.8
11.0
13.5
7.3
0.5
7.6
Western Australia
16.5
4.8
12.0
7.3
10.0
5.7
13.2
Tasmania
0.8
5.5
0.9
4.0
1.9
np
np
Northern Territory
0.9
0.9
2.6
1.5
0.8
np
np
Australian Capital Territory
0.7
20.7
0.3
13.8
8.4
np
np
Overseas
1.6
0.3
0.2
0.3
-
np
np
Total expenditure on R&D
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
- nil or rounded to zero (including null cells)
np not available for publication but included in totals where applicable, unless otherwise indicated
(a) See Explanatory Note 10 for details.
(b) 2006-07 data have been revised. See the Revisions section of the Technical Note for details.

9 Gross expenditure on R&D, by sector - by type of activity - 2006-07 and 2008-09(a)
GOVERNMENT
BUSINESS
Commonwealth
State/territory
Total
HIGHER EDUCATION
PRIVATE NON-PROFIT
TOTAL
$'000
$'000
$'000
$'000
$'000
$'000
$'000
2008-09
Pure basic research
87 908
94 682
49 080
143 762
1 941 298
73 182
2 246 150
Strategic basic research
872 290
577 684
314 484
892 168
1 389 047
245 620
3 399 125
Applied research
5 692 165
1 241 936
671 534
1 913 470
2 771 506
261 407
10 638 548
Experimental development
10 206 114
337 639
133 429
471 068
615 263
163 698
11 456 143
Total expenditure on R&D
16 858 477
2 251 941
1 168 527
3 420 468
6 717 113
743 907
27 739 965
2006-07(a)
Pure basic research
73 550
91 505
51 325
142 830
1 494 331
68 260
1 778 972
Strategic basic research
653 190
581 286
241 811
823 097
1 202 509
239 852
2 918 648
Applied research
4 149 496
1 086 637
627 939
1 714 576
2 346 919
225 728
8 436 719
Experimental development
7 763 048
286 526
128 402
414 927
389 772
75 076
8 642 823
Total expenditure on R&D
12 639 284
2 045 954
1 049 477
3 095 431
5 433 529
608 916
21 777 160
(a) 2006-07 data have been revised. See the Revisions section of the Technical Note for details.

10 Gross expenditure on R&D, by sector - by type of activity: proportions - 2006-07 and 2008-09(a)
GOVERNMENT
BUSINESS
Commonwealth
State/territory
Total
HIGHER EDUCATION
PRIVATE NON-PROFIT
TOTAL
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
2008-09
Pure basic research
0.5
4.2
4.2
4.2
28.9
9.8
8.1
Strategic basic research
5.2
25.7
26.9
26.1
20.7
33.0
12.3
Applied research
33.8
55.1
57.5
55.9
41.3
35.1
38.4
Experimental development
60.5
15.0
11.4
13.8
9.2
22.0
41.3
Total expenditure on R&D
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
2006-07(a)
Pure basic research
0.6
4.5
4.9
4.6
27.5
11.2
8.2
Strategic basic research
5.2
28.4
23.0
26.6
22.1
39.4
13.4
Applied research
32.8
53.1
59.8
55.4
43.2
37.1
38.7
Experimental development
61.4
14.0
12.2
13.4
7.2
12.3
39.7
Total expenditure on R&D
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
(a) 2006-07 data have been revised. See the Revisions section of the Technical Note for details.

11 Gross expenditure on R&D, by sector - by field of research(a) - 2008-09
GOVERNMENT
BUSINESS
Commonwealth
State/territory
Total
HIGHER EDUCATION
PRIVATE NON-PROFIT
TOTAL
$'000
$'000
$'000
$'000
$'000
$'000
$'000
Mathematical sciences
24 327
54 749
1 068
55 817
132 378
np
np
Physical sciences
19 221
211 087
129
211 215
224 415
-
454 851
Chemical sciences
273 379
129 067
2 959
132 025
252 727
np
np
Earth sciences
196 425
193 650
45 772
239 422
194 548
np
np
Environmental sciences
171 767
138 253
139 453
277 706
191 111
6 578
647 161
Biological sciences
73 342
210 299
100 837
311 136
688 892
117 259
1 190 628
Agricultural & veterinary sciences
361 604
131 095
413 896
544 992
278 811
961
1 186 368
Information & computing sciences
4 407 485
260 948
29 570
290 518
218 206
np
np
Engineering
9 118 212
597 031
13 731
610 762
577 160
np
np
Technology
807 491
112 979
14 128
127 107
170 261
6 214
1 111 073
Medical & health sciences
938 374
82 818
368 731
451 549
2 064 348
559 338
4 013 610
Built environment & design
319 252
13 864
1 575
15 439
68 925
np
np
Education
12 768
3 373
10 563
13 935
210 112
np
np
Economics
12 229
36 076
2 506
38 582
162 719
np
np
Commerce, management, tourism & services
100 862
1 958
3 143
5 101
253 793
np
np
Studies in human society
np
38 905
10 812
49 716
326 775
5 462
np
Psychology & cognitive sciences
4 088
19 035
3 389
22 424
199 480
6 700
232 692
Law & legal studies
5 199
12 474
9
12 483
85 502
np
np
Studies in creative arts & writing
9 448
124
1 558
1 682
82 681
np
np
Language, communication & culture
1 627
32
2 263
2 295
161 510
np
np
History & archaeology
np
4 124
2 240
6 364
118 763
-
np
Philosophy & religious studies
-
-
196
196
53 994
np
np
Total expenditure on R&D
16 858 477
2 251 941
1 168 527
3 420 468
6 717 113
743 907
27 739 965
- nil or rounded to zero (including null cells)
np not available for publication but included in totals where applicable, unless otherwise indicated
(a) Based on the 2008 edition of the ANZSRC. Previous cycle estimates are available on an ASRC basis only. See Explanatory Notes 11 to 13 for details.

12 Gross expenditure on R&D, by sector - by field of research(a): proportions - 2008-09
GOVERNMENT
BUSINESS
Commonwealth
State/territory
Total
HIGHER EDUCATION
PRIVATE NON-PROFIT
TOTAL
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
Mathematical sciences
0.1
2.4
0.1
1.6
2.0
np
np
Physical sciences
0.1
9.4
-
6.2
3.3
-
1.6
Chemical sciences
1.6
5.7
0.3
3.9
3.8
np
np
Earth sciences
1.2
8.6
3.9
7.0
2.9
np
np
Environmental sciences
1.0
6.1
11.9
8.1
2.8
0.9
2.3
Biological sciences
0.4
9.3
8.6
9.1
10.3
15.8
4.3
Agricultural & veterinary sciences
2.1
5.8
35.4
15.9
4.2
0.1
4.3
Information & computing sciences
26.1
11.6
2.5
8.5
3.2
np
np
Engineering
54.1
26.5
1.2
17.9
8.6
np
np
Technology
4.8
5.0
1.2
3.7
2.5
0.8
4.0
Medical & health sciences
5.6
3.7
31.6
13.2
30.7
75.2
14.5
Built environment & design
1.9
0.6
0.1
0.5
1.0
np
np
Education
0.1
0.1
0.9
0.4
3.1
np
np
Economics
0.1
1.6
0.2
1.1
2.4
np
np
Commerce, management, tourism & services
0.6
0.1
0.3
0.1
3.8
np
np
Studies in human society
np
1.7
0.9
1.5
4.9
0.7
np
Psychology & cognitive sciences
-
0.8
0.3
0.7
3.0
0.9
0.8
Law & legal studies
-
0.6
-
0.4
1.3
np
np
Studies in creative arts & writing
0.1
-
0.1
-
1.2
np
np
Language, communication & culture
-
-
0.2
0.1
2.4
np
np
History & archaeology
np
0.2
0.2
0.2
1.8
-
np
Philosophy & religious studies
-
-
-
-
0.8
np
np
Total expenditure on R&D
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
- nil or rounded to zero (including null cells)
np not available for publication but included in totals where applicable, unless otherwise indicated
(a) Based on the 2008 edition of the ANZSRC. Previous cycle estimates are available on an ASRC basis only. See Explanatory Notes 11 to 13 for details.

13 Gross expenditure on R&D, by sector - by socio-economic objective(a) - 2008-09
GOVERNMENT
BUSINESS
Commonwealth
State/territory
Total
HIGHER EDUCATION
PRIVATE NON-PROFIT
TOTAL
$'000
$'000
$'000
$'000
$'000
$'000
$'000
Defence
259 388
485 783
221
486 004
55 402
-
800 793
Economic development
Plant prod'n & plant primary products
168 542
106 919
156 920
263 838
192 082
np
np
Animal prod'n & animal primary products
126 310
52 217
163 652
215 869
109 762
np
np
Mineral resources (excl. energy resources)
2 640 399
74 656
29 343
103 999
88 081
-
2 832 479
Energy
2 582 057
139 954
9 269
149 222
133 317
np
np
Manufacturing
4 495 071
147 372
17 527
164 899
330 524
9 417
4 999 911
Construction
1 066 697
16 752
647
17 399
118 169
-
1 202 265
Transport
423 477
17 730
5 677
23 407
66 805
-
513 688
Information & communication services
2 035 500
146 958
9 935
156 894
220 263
-
2 412 657
Commercial services & tourism
2 341 944
7 730
4 982
12 712
101 839
-
2 456 495
Economic framework
32 687
47 293
3 271
50 564
236 614
318
320 182
Total
15 912 682
757 581
401 223
1 158 804
1 597 455
10 741
18 679 683
Society
Health
436 844
138 199
405 469
543 668
2 347 372
685 258
4 013 141
Education & training
37 855
4 557
11 568
16 125
281 481
np
np
Law, politics & community services
12 076
163 698
16 300
179 998
337 912
5 979
535 964
Cultural understanding
15 111
5 618
9 682
15 300
371 916
np
np
Total
501 885
312 071
443 020
755 091
3 338 681
725 826
5 321 483
Environment
174 920
489 933
304 155
794 088
523 023
6 713
1 498 744
Expanding knowledge
9 602
206 574
19 907
226 481
1 202 552
627
1 439 262
Total expenditure on R&D
16 858 477
2 251 941
1 168 527
3 420 468
6 717 113
743 907
27 739 965
- nil or rounded to zero (including null cells)
np not available for publication but included in totals where applicable, unless otherwise indicated
(a) Based on the 2008 edition of the ANZSRC. Previous cycle estimates are available on an ASRC basis only. See Explanatory Notes 11 to 13 for details.

14 Gross expenditure on R&D, by sector - by socio-economic objective(a): proportions - 2008-09
GOVERNMENT
BUSINESS
Commonwealth
State/territory
Total
HIGHER EDUCATION
PRIVATE NON-PROFIT
TOTAL
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
Defence
1.5
21.6
-
14.2
0.8
-
2.9
Economic development
Plant prod'n & plant primary products
1.0
4.7
13.4
7.7
2.9
np
np
Animal prod'n & animal primary products
0.7
2.3
14.0
6.3
1.6
np
np
Mineral resources (excl. energy resources)
15.7
3.3
2.5
3.0
1.3
-
10.2
Energy
15.3
6.2
0.8
4.4
2.0
np
np
Manufacturing
26.7
6.5
1.5
4.8
4.9
1.3
18.0
Construction
6.3
0.7
0.1
0.5
1.8
-
4.3
Transport
2.5
0.8
0.5
0.7
1.0
-
1.9
Information & communication services
12.1
6.5
0.9
4.6
3.3
-
8.7
Commercial services & tourism
13.9
0.3
0.4
0.4
1.5
-
8.9
Economic framework
0.2
2.1
0.3
1.5
3.5
-
1.2
Total
94.4
33.6
34.3
33.9
23.8
1.4
67.3
Society
Health
2.6
6.1
34.7
15.9
34.9
92.1
14.5
Education & training
0.2
0.2
1.0
0.5
4.2
np
np
Law, politics & community services
0.1
7.3
1.4
5.3
5.0
0.8
1.9
Cultural understanding
0.1
0.2
0.8
0.4
5.5
np
np
Total
3.0
13.9
37.9
22.1
49.7
97.6
19.2
Environment
1.0
21.8
26.0
23.2
7.8
0.9
5.4
Expanding knowledge
0.1
9.2
1.7
6.6
17.9
0.1
5.2
Total expenditure on R&D
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
- nil or rounded to zero (including null cells)
np not available for publication but included in totals where applicable, unless otherwise indicated
(a) Based on the 2008 edition of the ANZSRC. Previous cycle estimates are available on an ASRC basis only. See Explanatory Notes 11 to 13 for details.

15 Gross human resources devoted to R&D, by sector - by industry - 2006-07 and 2008-09(a)
GOVERNMENT
BUSINESS
Commonwealth
State/territory
Total
HIGHER EDUCATION
PRIVATE NON-PROFIT
TOTAL
PYE
PYE
PYE
PYE
PYE
PYE
PYE
2008-09
Agriculture, forestry & fishing
615
-
-
-
-
np
np
Mining
4 625
-
-
-
-
-
4 625
Manufacturing
17 181
1
-
1
-
-
17 182
Electricity, gas, water & waste services
643
-
-
-
-
-
643
Construction
2 421
-
-
-
-
-
2 421
Wholesale trade
3 637
-
-
-
-
-
3 637
Retail trade
423
-
-
-
-
-
423
Accommodation & food services
139
-
-
-
-
-
139
Transport, postal & warehousing
575
-
-
-
-
-
575
Information media & telecommunications
1 736
9
2
11
-
-
1 747
Financial & insurance services
5 525
-
-
-
-
-
5 525
Rental, hiring & real estate services
284
-
-
-
-
-
284
Professional, scientific & technical services
14 155
6 238
1 598
7 837
-
4 404
26 395
Administrative & support services
358
18
8
26
-
np
np
Public administration & safety
47
2 917
3 374
6 290
-
-
6 337
Education & training
80
1
27
28
61 310
np
np
Health care & social assistance
620
3
2 576
2 579
-
217
3 416
Arts & recreation services
166
22
247
269
-
27
462
Other services
328
-
2
2
-
np
np
Total human resources devoted to R&D
53 556
9 209
7 834
17 042
61 310
4 788
136 696
2006-07(a)
Agriculture, forestry & fishing
516
-
-
-
-
-
516
Mining
2 897
-
-
-
-
-
2 897
Manufacturing
17 527
3
-
3
-
-
17 530
Electricity, gas, water & waste services
472
-
-
-
-
-
472
Construction
1 174
-
1
1
-
-
1 175
Wholesale trade
3 556
-
-
-
-
-
3 556
Retail trade
508
-
-
-
-
-
508
Accommodation & food services
np
-
-
-
-
-
np
Transport, postal & warehousing
603
-
-
-
-
-
603
Information media & telecommunications
1 846
6
-
6
-
-
1 852
Financial & insurance services
2 913
-
-
-
-
-
2 913
Rental, hiring & real estate services
183
-
-
-
-
-
183
Professional, scientific & technical services
13 154
6 174
871
7 046
-
3 950
24 150
Administrative & support services
377
16
-
16
-
-
393
Public administration & safety
np
3 257
3 964
7 221
-
-
np
Education & training
66
2
20
22
58 905
np
np
Health care & social assistance
273
-
2 160
2 161
-
497
2 930
Arts & recreation services
48
24
233
257
-
np
np
Other services
278
-
28
28
-
112
419
Total human resources devoted to R&D
46 462
9 481
7 279
16 760
58 905
4 575
126 702
- nil or rounded to zero (including null cells)
np not available for publication but included in totals where applicable, unless otherwise indicated
(a) 2006-07 data have been revised. See the Revisions section of the Technical Note for details.

16 Gross human resources devoted to R&D, by sector - by industry: proportions - 2006-07 and 2008-09(a)
GOVERNMENT
BUSINESS
Commonwealth
State/territory
Total
HIGHER EDUCATION
PRIVATE NON-PROFIT
TOTAL
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
2008-09
Agriculture, forestry & fishing
1.1
-
-
-
-
np
np
Mining
8.6
-
-
-
-
-
3.4
Manufacturing
32.1
-
-
-
-
-
12.6
Electricity, gas, water & waste services
1.2
-
-
-
-
-
0.5
Construction
4.5
-
-
-
-
-
1.8
Wholesale trade
6.8
-
-
-
-
-
2.7
Retail trade
0.8
-
-
-
-
-
0.3
Accommodation & food services
0.3
-
-
-
-
-
0.1
Transport, postal & warehousing
1.1
-
-
-
-
-
0.4
Information media & telecommunications
3.2
0.1
-
0.1
-
-
1.3
Financial & insurance services
10.3
-
-
-
-
-
4.0
Rental, hiring & real estate services
0.5
-
-
-
-
-
0.2
Professional, scientific & technical services
26.4
67.7
20.4
46.0
-
92.0
19.3
Administrative & support services
0.7
0.2
0.1
0.2
-
np
np
Public administration & safety
0.1
31.7
43.1
36.9
-
-
4.6
Education & training
0.1
-
0.3
0.2
100.0
np
np
Health care & social assistance
1.2
-
32.9
15.1
-
4.5
2.5
Arts & recreation services
0.3
0.2
3.2
1.6
-
0.6
0.3
Other services
0.6
-
-
-
-
np
np
Total human resources devoted to R&D
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
2006-07(a)
Agriculture, forestry & fishing
1.1
-
-
-
-
-
0.4
Mining
6.2
-
-
-
-
-
2.3
Manufacturing
37.7
-
-
-
-
-
13.8
Electricity, gas, water & waste services
1.0
-
-
-
-
-
0.4
Construction
2.5
-
-
-
-
-
0.9
Wholesale trade
7.7
-
-
-
-
-
2.8
Retail trade
1.1
-
-
-
-
-
0.4
Accommodation & food services
np
-
-
-
-
-
np
Transport, postal & warehousing
1.3
-
-
-
-
-
0.5
Information media & telecommunications
4.0
0.1
-
-
-
-
1.5
Financial & insurance services
6.3
-
-
-
-
-
2.3
Rental, hiring & real estate services
0.4
-
-
-
-
-
0.1
Professional, scientific & technical services
28.3
65.1
12.0
42.0
-
86.3
19.1
Administrative & support services
0.8
0.2
-
0.1
-
-
0.3
Public administration & safety
np
34.3
54.5
43.1
-
-
np
Education & training
0.1
-
0.3
0.1
100.0
np
np
Health care & social assistance
0.6
-
29.7
12.9
-
10.9
2.3
Arts & recreation services
0.1
0.3
3.2
1.5
-
np
np
Other services
0.6
-
0.4
0.2
-
2.5
0.3
Total human resources devoted to R&D
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
- nil or rounded to zero (including null cells)
np not available for publication but included in totals where applicable, unless otherwise indicated
(a) 2006-07 data have been revised. See the Revisions section of the Technical Note for details.

17 Gross human resources devoted to R&D, by sector - by type of resource - 2006-07 and 2008-09(a)
GOVERNMENT
BUSINESS
Commonwealth
State/territory
Total
HIGHER EDUCATION
PRIVATE NON-PROFIT
TOTAL
PYE
PYE
PYE
PYE
PYE
PYE
PYE
2008-09
Researchers(b)
26 941
4 549
3 736
8 285
53 340
3 051
91 617
Technicians(c)
17 561
3 166
2 939
6 105
-
938
24 603
Other staff
9 054
1 494
1 159
2 652
7 970
799
20 476
Total human resources devoted to R&D
53 556
9 209
7 834
17 042
61 310
4 788
136 696
2006-07(a)
Researchers(b)
24 771
4 740
3 982
8 721
50 867
2 842
87 201
Technicians(c)
14 821
2 851
2 244
5 095
-
975
20 891
Other staff
6 869
1 891
1 053
2 944
8 038
758
18 609
Total human resources devoted to R&D
46 462
9 481
7 279
16 760
58 905
4 575
126 702
- nil or rounded to zero (including null cells)
(a) 2006-07 data have been revised. See the Revisions section of the Technical Note for details.
(b) For the Higher education sector, Researchers include Academics and Postgraduate students.
(c) For the Higher education sector, Technicians are not separately identified and are included in Other staff.

18 Gross human resources devoted to R&D, by sector - by type of resource: proportions - 2006-07 and 2008-09(a)
GOVERNMENT
BUSINESS
Commonwealth
State/territory
Total
HIGHER EDUCATION
PRIVATE NON-PROFIT
TOTAL
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
2008-09
Researchers(b)
50.3
49.4
47.7
48.6
87.0
63.7
67.0
Technicians(c)
32.8
34.4
37.5
35.8
-
19.6
18.0
Other staff
16.9
16.2
14.8
15.6
13.0
16.7
15.0
Total human resources devoted to R&D
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
2006-07(a)
Researchers(b)
53.3
50.0
54.7
52.0
86.4
62.1
68.8
Technicians(c)
31.9
30.1
30.8
30.4
-
21.3
16.5
Other staff
14.8
19.9
14.5
17.6
13.6
16.6
14.7
Total human resources devoted to R&D
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
- nil or rounded to zero (including null cells)
(a) 2006-07 data have been revised. See the Revisions section of the Technical Note for details.
(b) For the Higher education sector, Researchers include Academics and Postgraduate students.
(c) For the Higher education sector, Technicians are not separately identified and are included in Other staff.